Tips for Writing the Discussion Section
Start with the big picture – WHY is your study important?
o Think of yourself as telling the story of how your findings answer the question you posed
and why your findings matter, how your field’s status quo or understanding is changed
by your results.
o Clearly signal that you are answering the question your paper introduced: “This study
shows that …” or “Our results indicate that …” or “In this study, we have shown that …”
o Explain and if necessary defend your answer in relation to previously published work on
this topic or other possible answers that you want to convince readers are less
satisfactory than the one you are presenting.
Focus on what your findings mean: how the results presented in the previous section answer
your paper’s central question.
o Use topic sentences (e.g., “That data obtained in this study show X in two ways”)
followed by transition clauses (e.g., “First … Second …”) to show how the results support
your claim(s).
Explain any conflicting results and discrepancies by assessing possible explanations and
acknowledge the study’s limitations.
Explain any unexpected findings. In the case of a potentially exciting unexpected finding, you
might start a paragraph by naming the surprise (“A surprising finding was that …”) followed by
summarizing the pertinent results (“As expected, X. However, contrary to our hypothesis, Y”)
and then speculating about possible explanations and significance (“One possible explanation is
…. If this explanation is correct, this would imply that …”).
Rhetorically outlining a model or “mentor” text from your field can help you better understand what
experienced writers do when they detail findings (Results) and describe, argue for, and speculate about
their significance (Discussion). Use these questions to help you evaluate what the author(s) of your
mentor text are doing in the Results and Discussion sections.
For the Results section of a paper, consider:
In what sequence do they report results and why?
How do they present information and evidence? What do they do at the sentence level that
makes this story of results clear and compelling without straying from a focus on results (what
we found)?
What information do they choose to present as text? As a table or graphic? Why?
What statistics do they use and why?
For the Discussion section of a paper, consider:
How do they (re)introduce the big picture of the study?
How do they link findings to their initial hypotheses and/or to literature?
How do they link findings to significance and implications (what these findings mean)?
How do they discuss limitations?
How do they discuss future directions?