Relationship of Depression, Family Environment and Self Concept
among Adolescents
About Authors: *&**Assistant Professor, P.K.R. Jain College of Education, Ambala City
***Research Scholar, P.K.R. Jain College of Education, Ambala City
103
Introduction
In the present world of worry and
tension majority of people are suffering from
depression. The prevalence of depression is
increasing day by day. Depression in
adolescence has become a subject of
considerable research over the past few decades.
The spectrum of the disease can range from
simple sadness to major depressive disorder. The
clinical features of adolescent depression are
similar to those of adult depression. Various risk
factors have been linked to depression in
adolescents, comprising of social factors, family
environment, personality type, self concept and
genetic factors along with stressful events.
The term depression is used in everyday
language to describe a range of experiences from
a slightly noticeable and temporary mood
decrease to a profoundly impairing and even life
threatening disorder. Depression is a state of
mind, or more specifically, a mental disorder
characterized by lowering of individual's
vitality, his mood, desires, hopes, aspirations
and of his self-esteem. It may range from no
more than a mild symptom of tiredness and
sadness to the most profound state of apathy with
complete psychotic disregard for reality.
According to Pestonjee (1999) depression is an
emotional state of dejection, feeling of
worthlessness and guilt accompanied by
apprehension.
Depression literally meaning 'state of
being sad and hopelessness' (Hornby, 2005), it
is defined "as psychoneurotic disorder or
psychotic disorder marked especially by
sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and
concentration, a significance increase or
decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping,
feeling of dejection and hopelessness and
sometimes suicidal tendencies, a lowering of
vitality or functional activity."
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Indian Journal of Psychological Science, V-7, No.1 (103-111)
Impact Factor : 3.021
Supninder Kaur* Talwar Mini Satish** Dhirendra Kumar Pandey***
Abstract
Depression in adolescence has become a subject of considerable research over the past few
decades. Various risk factors have been linked to depression in adolescents, comprising of social
factors, family environment, personality type, self concept and genetic factors along with stressful
events. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship among depression, family
environment and self concept of adolescents. The sample consisted of 200 adolescents (100 males
and 100 females) of age group 14 -17 years, studying in the secondary schools of Ambala. Mental
Depression Scale (Dubey, 2006), Family Environment Scale (Bhatia and Chadha, 1993) and Self
Concept Questionnaire (Saraswat, 2010) were used to collect data. Results revealed that depression
is negatively and significantly correlated with four dimensions of family environment namely
cohesion, active recreational orientation, independence and organization whereas it is positively
correlated with conflict in the family. Significant differences were found in the family environment
and self concept of adolescents scoring high and low on depression.
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Depression and Family Environment
Among psychological factors in the life
of an adolescent, family environment is the most
crucial, as family is the smallest unit,
representing the cultural differences. Therefore,
for determining adolescent depression, role of
family environment cannot be ignored. Poor
family relationships are psychological hazards
at any age, but especially during adolescence
because at this time boys and girls are
undergoing physical changes and it depends on
their families to provide them the feeling of
security. Even more important, they need
guidance and help in mastering the
developmental task of adolescence. When
family relationships are marked by friction,
feeling of insecurity, adolescents will be
deprived of the opportunity to develop poise and
more mature pattern of behavior (Hurlock,
1981). Several studies have shown that insecure
attachment and parenting characterized by
coldness, rejection, harsh discipline and
unsupportive behavior is positively related to
adolescent depressive symptoms.
The perception of family environment is
significant predictor of depression among
adolescents; family disorganization, conflict,
and lack of control, lack of cohesion and
expressiveness have been observed as common
factors in the family backgrounds of children
who develop depression (Campbell et al, 1993;
. It is reported that
problematic family functioning during
childhood predicted depression in young
adulthood. The possible interaction of conflict
with parents and depression in college students
is poorly understood. The family is generally
perceived by society as the unit responsible for
providing children with an environment that
serves their physical and emotional needs. For
the development of personality of individual,
multiple factors are responsible, family
environment is one of them. According to
Schwartz et al., 2012)
different family models, dimensions of family
functioning including cohesion, adaptability,
and communication are theoretically linked to
adolescent psychological wellbeing (Epstein et
al., 1993; Olson et al., 1989). Some studies show
that adolescent suicidal ideation is related to
family dysfunction, family discord, poor family
environment, family rigidity, family conflicts,
and poor adaptability (Spirito et al., 2003). The
studies also show that low levels of family
cohesion and support as well as high levels of
parent-adolescent conflict are positively related
to depression and suicidal ideation (Lee et al,
2006; Wong et al., 2002). Gotlib et al.,(2014)
found that the family history of depression is
significantly associated with depression in
adolescents whereas a cohesive, orderly, and
achieving family environment is conducive to
more positive development in adolescents, in
terms of lower depression and higher self-
concept (Lau et al., 2000). Guan et al. (2013)
conducted a cross-sectional survey in rural
China with a sample of 3720 individuals aged 18
years and older and found association of family-
related negative life events and economic status
of the family with depression was statistically
significant.
Depression can affect many domains of
an adolescent's life, including social and family
relationships, schoolwork, self-concept, and
decision making (Merrell, 2008; Seeley et al.,
2002). In particular, depression can negatively
affect different aspects of cognitive functioning
in children and adolescents (Cole et al., 1996;
Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1986), including
concentration (Fröjd et al., 2008). Huberty
(2009) identified memory, concentration, and
attention problems as cognitive manifestations
of depression. Many theories of depression
postulate that low self-concept is a defining
feature of depression (e.g., Beck, 1967; Blatt,
D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976; Abramson et al.,
Depression and self-concept
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1978; Brown & Harris, 1978). Indeed,
numerous studies have documented strong
concurrent relations between low self-esteem
and depression (Joiner et al., 1999; Kernis et al.,
1991; Lewinsohn et al., 1988; Roberts &
Monroe, 1992).
Montague et al. (2008) conducted a
study on 212 adolescents and found that
adolescents with low self concept are at higher
risk for emotional and behavioral disorders
whereas no gender difference was found in
depression. Kuster et al. (2012) also investigated
the effect of low self esteem on depression and
the results indicated that low self-esteem
predicted subsequent rumination, which in turn
predicted subsequent depression, and that
rumination partially mediated the prospective
effect of low self-esteem on depression. Orth
and Robins (2013) studied the relationship
between self concept and depression and found
the vulnerability model to be robust among
samples. It was found that adolescents with low
self concept are more vulnerable to depression.
Thus, both family environment and self
concept are significant factors in the
development of depression. Therefore the
present study was undertaken.
Objectives of the study
1. To study the relationship between
depression and different dimensions
o f f a m i l y e n v i r o n m e n t o f
adolescents.
2. To study the difference in the family
environment of adolescents scoring
high and low on depression.
3. To study the difference in the self
concept of adolescents scoring high
and low on depression.
Hypotheses of the study
1. There will be significant relationship
between depression and different
dimensions of family environment.
2. There will be significant difference in
the family environment of adolescents
scoring high and low on depression.
3. There will be significant difference in
the self concept of adolescents scoring
high and low on depression.
METHODOLOGY
Instruments:
a) Family environment scale (Bhatia and
Chadha, 1993) was used to assess the
perception of eight family environment
variables as cohesion, expressiveness,
co nfl ict , ac cep t anc e an d ca rin g,
independence, active – recreational
orientation, organization and control. The
cohesion subscale measures the degree of
commitment, help and support family
members provide for one another.
Expressiveness subscale refers to the
extent to which family members are
encouraged to act openly and express their
feelings and thoughts directly. The conflict
subscale measures the amount of openly
expressed anger, aggression, and conflict
among family members. Acceptance and
Caring subscale refers to the extent to
which the members are unconditionally
accepted and the degree to which caring is
expressed in the family. The independence
sub scale measures the extent to which
family members are assertive, are self
sufficient, and make their own decisions.
The Active recreational orientation
subscale taps the extent of participation in
social and recreational activities. The
Organization subscale refers to the degree
of importance of clear organization
structure in planning family activities and
responsibilities. The control subscale
assesses the extent to which set rules and
procedures are used to run family life.
Responses to each subscale are to be given
Supninder Kaur, Talwar Mini Satish, Dhirendra Kumar Pandey
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on five point scale (viz. strongly agree,
agree, neutral, disagree and strongly
disagree). Split half reliabilities for the
subscales were calculated and ranged from
0.48 to 0.92. The validity of the test was
confirmed by experts.
b) Self Concept Questionnaire (Saraswat,
2010) was used to measure the self concept
of adolescents. The questionnaire provides
six dimensions of self concept viz.
physical, social intellectual, moral,
educational and temperamental self
concept. It also gives total self concept
score. The Physical dimension measures
individual's view of his body, health,
physical appearance and strength.
The Social dimension assesses
individual's sense of worth in social
interactions. Intellectual dimension refers
to individual's awareness of his intelligence
and capacity of problem solving and
judgment. Moral dimension refers to
individual's estimation of his moral worth,
right and wrong activates. Educational
dimension refers to individual's view of
himself in relation to schoolteachers and
extracurricular activities. Temperamental
dimension refers to individual's view of his
p r e v a i l i n g e m o t i o n a l s t a t e o r
predominance of a particular kind of
emotional reaction.
There are 48 items in the questionnaire and
each item has five alternatives, out of
which the subject has to tick the most
appropriate option according to him. The
scoring of each item of the scale is done by
giving 5 marks for the first option, 4 marks
for the second, 3 marks for the third,2
marks for the fourth and one mark for the
fifth option. The reliability of the test was
calculated using test –retest method and
was found to be 0.91. The reliability
coefficients for the various dimensions
ranged from 0.67 to 0.88. The content
validity was established by taking expert
opinion.
c) Mental Depression Scale (Dubey, 2006)
measures depression in adolescents and
adults. It has 50 items and each item has
two alternatives yes and no. The scoring is
to be done by assigning one mark to yes and
no mark to no response. The higher score
on the scale shows high depression. The
reliability of the scale was calculated by
test-retest and split- half methods which
were found to be 0.64 and o.69
respectively. The validity of the scale was
assessed by experts.
Sample
Th e samp l e con s iste d of 20 0
adolescents including 100 male and 100 female
adolescents (age range of 15-17). The sample of
the study was selected randomly from IX to X
grade students studying in senior secondary
schools of Ambala.
Procedure
For collection of data, the investigator
first explained the purpose of the study to the
subjects and after clarifying the instructions of
the tests, the three questionnaires were
administered one by one on the selected sample
in group setting. The investigator assured the
subjects that their responses would be kept
confidential and used for research purpose only.
Research Design
The main objective of the study was to
study the relationship of depression and family
environment of adolescents, for this purpose
correlation technique was employed. Keeping in
mind the other objectives of the study, the
sample was divided into two groups- high
depression adolescents and low depression
adolescents and to study the difference in the
family environment and self concept of both the
groups, t test method was used. The result and
discussion is as under:
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Results and Discussion
Table 1: Correlation between scores on depression and different dimensions of
family environment
Sr
No.
Dimensions of family environment
r
1. Cohesion -0.133*
2. Expressiveness -0.004
3. Conflict 0.149*
4. Acceptance and caring -0.091
5. Independence -0.195**
6. Control 0.007
7. Active recreational orientation -0.168*
8. Organization -0.264**
* p<.0.05**p<.0.01
Table 1 reveals that depression is negatively
related with cohesion (r = -.133, p<.05),
independence (r = -.195, p<.01), active
recreational orientation (r = -.168, p<.05) and
organization(r = -.264, p<.01). The significant
and negative correlation between these variables
suggests that the family environment plays an
important role in moderating depression; it
reveals that lack of cohesiveness, independence,
active recreation and organization leads to
depression. The more cohesive families develop
better bonds among family members and cause
less depression (Lee et al, 2006; Schwartz et al.,
2012). The amount of independence given to
children in the family makes children
responsible and creates less frustration. The
involvement of parents and children in
recreational activities gives them a chance to
express themselves and helps in building
emotionally mature personalities. On the other
hand conflict in the family has significant
positive relation with depression (r = .149,
p<.05). This positive correlation between the
variables suggests that adolescents of families
with high conflict tend to have high depression
(Spirito et al., 2003).
Table 2:Significance of difference between means scores on dimensions of Family
Environment of students scoring high and low on depression
Sr
No.
Dimension of
FES
Groups N M
S.D.
t- ratio
1. Cohesion
High
Low
48
52
48.77
56.07
7.57
7.35
4.96**
2. Expressiveness
High
Low
48
52
30.96
32.55
7.69
8.38
1
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The results obtained in area of family
environment revealed significant difference in
high depression adolescents and low depression
adolescents. Table 2 reveals that t values are
significant between low depression and high
depression group on six dimensions of family
environment i.e. cohesion (t = 4.96, p<.0.01),
conflict (t = 6.4, p<.0.01), acceptance and caring
(t = 3.5, p<.0.01), active recreational orientation
(t = 4.7, p<.0.01), control (t = 4.24, p<.0.01) and
organization (t = 6.03, p<.0.01). Thus it shows
that family environment is an important
predictor of depression. It can be concluded that
family environment has a significant role in the
development of depression. This is due to the
reason that family or home is the first school of
the child and a child's character is based on the
foundation of family environment Lau et al., (
2000 . The cohesion and acceptance and caring
among the members of the family builds healthy
personality of children and the amount of
independence given to children for taking their
decisions makes them confident individuals.
Moreover, children become emotionally strong
and mature if they get healthy environment in the
family which helps them to make correct choices
and stay away from depression. Whereas the
conflict and excessive control in the family
make children feel stressed and adopt violent
means to relieve their stress. On the other hand
giving freedom to express them and providing
recreational opportunities, children develop
strong character which is not affected by
negative experiences outside home Gotlib et al.,
2014).
)
(
3. Conflict
High
Low
48
52
38.1
40.6
1.84
2.13
6.4**
4.
Acceptance
and caring
High
Low
48
52
44.41
49.38
7.11
7.02
3.5**
5. Independence
High
Low
48
52
31.28
33.57
7.61
7.24
1.5
6. Control
High
Low
48
52
32.12
36.39
2.09
1.85
4.24**
7.
Active
recreational
orientation
High
Low
48
52
19.75
18.37
1.49
1.40
4.7**
8. Organization
High
Low
48
52
9.25
10.71
1.15
1.29
6.03**
* p<.0.05**p<.0.01
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Table 3 reveals that the calculated value of t is
significant between high depression and low
depression adolescents on self concept (t = 3.1,
p<.0.01). It means that adolescents having high
depression have low self concept and
adolescents having low depression have high
self concept. Many studies have proved that
depression and self concept are negatively
related and low self concept acts as a risk factor
for depression especially in case of major life
stressors (Joiner et al., 1999; Kernis et al., 1991;
Lewinsohn et al., 1988; Roberts & Monroe,
1992). Moreover prolonged depression leaves
scars on the self concept of individual leading to
total end in self esteem (Orth & Robins, 2013).
Limitations of the study
The study has mainly two limitations.
First, the depression measure used in this study
relies on the self measure method. However, to
diagnose depression, other clinical methods
should be used. Second, the results of the study
are based on non-clinical samples which do not
allow for valid conclusions about depressive
episodes in clinical population.
Implications of the study
The present study has its implications
for the parents as well as the community. Parents
should provide cohesive environment at home
and give independence to their children so that
they become confident individuals. Parents
should also organize recreational activities for
children so as to give them the opportunity for
relaxation and expression. Moreover parents
should not keep excess check and control on
their children because excess control makes
children feel suppressed and they try to relieve it
through wrong means. Above all the
environment at home should be healthy and
encouraging. The study has greater implications
for the educational institutions as well. School is
considered as a miniature society. It is the right
place for the child to develop his personality by
giving a good social environment. The
educational institutions should help the children
to utilize their energy in a meaningful and
positive way so that they can rebuild themselves
and achieve success at every step in life. Various
co-curricular activities like sports and games,
debate and discussion, picnic, educational trips,
lectures by experts, medical camp, plays and
music and dance competitions at school as well
as state level should be organized from time to
time and students should be encouraged to
participate in these activities. The students
should also get opportunities to express and
explore themselves.
Table 3:Significance of difference between means scores on self-concept of students
scoring high and low on depression
Groups N Mean (self
concept)
S.D.
t-ratio
High
Depression
Adolescents
48 109.5 4.2
3.1**
Low
Depression
Adolescents
52 112 3.6
* p<.0.05**p<.0.01
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