*Adaptation of this material was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Preparing
Scheduled
Desludging
An adaptation* of
It’s Time Now! Starting scheduled desludging service
PREPARING SCHEDULED
DESLUDGING
An adaptation* of It’s Time Now! Starting scheduled desludging service
*Adaptation of this material was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
PREPARING SCHEDULED DESLUDGING
0622747817899
ISBN 9781789062274
iwapublishing.com
@
IWAPublishing
ISBN: 9781789062274 (paperback)
ISBN: 9781789062281 (eBook)
This book presents a methodology for preparing scheduled
desludging schemes in cities. Opening with a description
of its denition and principles, this book outlines step by
step the preparation of a scheduled desludging scheme.
Coverage of the book includes a feasibility assessment of a
city to implement a scheduled desludging program, getting
everybody on the same principles, making the general
concept, setting targets, designing the operational scheme,
building capacity of the service provider, preparing the
eets, and preparing promotion activities for the desludging
program. Several fecal sludge desludging options and the
implication of each option are discussed in the book, including
their nancial implications. The book also presents methods to
calculate the operational cost and how the cost can be used
as the basis to determine the desludging tariff.
This book was written based on the experience of USAID -
IUWASH (Indonesia Urban Water and Sanitation and Health)
program in assisting several Indonesian cities in preparing
their mandatory desludging program. Some of Indonesia’s
specic narratives and terms used in the original book have
been adapted for the benet of readers from other countries.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging_PODW.indd 1 18/05/2021 17:03
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Preparing Scheduled Desludging
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Preparing Scheduled Desludging
Produced by USAID – IUWASH PLUS Program
Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi Darmawan,
Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska
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Published by IWA Publishing
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Telephone: +44 (0)20 7654 5500
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First published 2021
© 2021 IWA Publishing
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book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made.
Disclaimer
The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted
upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Editors and Authors will not accept
responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained
in this publication.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 9781789062274 (paperback)
ISBN: 9781789062281 (eBook)
This eBook was made Open Access in May 2021
© 2021 The Authors
This is an Open Access book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which
permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Contents
Foreword ................................................................... ix
Preface .................................................................... xi
Introduction ............................................................... xiii
Understand scheduled desludging .......................................... 1
0.1 A Mandatory Desludging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.2 Desludge and Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.3 The Many Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
0.4 Seven Aspects to Consider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.5 Thirteen Development Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Step 1
Identify local strengths ..................................................... 9
1.1 Analyze the Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Rely on Available Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 ‘Go’ or ‘No Go’ ............................................................. 11
Step 2
Agree on the basics ....................................................... 13
2.1 Establish Common Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Define Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Set Area and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Propose Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Recommend Financial Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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Step 3
Make initial concept ....................................................... 17
3.1 Just an Illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Estimate Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Calculate Basic Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Strive for Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Step 4
Get the green light ......................................................... 25
4.1 Permission to Continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Present Persuasively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 Show it Graphically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4 Record the Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Step 5
Assess targets ............................................................ 31
5.1 Use Current Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2 Perform Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3 Collect Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.4 Analyze for Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.5 Use for Other Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Step 6
Design operations ......................................................... 39
6.1 Classify Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.2 Divide Service Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.3 Confirm Desludging Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.4 Specify Level of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.5 Determine Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.5.1 Three desludging modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.5.2 Two transportation modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.5.3 Three scheduling algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.6 Simulate Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Step 7
Improve institutions ....................................................... 49
7.1 Assigning Existing Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.2 Consider Water Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.3 Separate Function to Regulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.4 The Tasks Define the Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Step 8
Set regulations ............................................................ 55
8.1 Must be Mandatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
8.2 Many Things to Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Preparing Scheduled Desludgingvi
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8.3 Regulations are Hierarchical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8.4 Foster Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
8.5 Promote Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Step 9
Involve partners ........................................................... 61
9.1 Outsourcing Benefits All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
9.2 Select a Right Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9.3 Agree to Rights and Obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Step 10
Prepare the fleets .......................................................... 65
10.1 No More Handcart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10.2 Two are Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.3 Work by Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
10.4 Knowing the Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
10.5 Monitor the Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Step 11
Install management system ................................................ 75
11.1 All is Controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.2 Rely on Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.3 Connecting the Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Step 12
Plan finance ............................................................... 81
12.1 Each has its Own Tariff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.2 Many Payment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
12.3 Avoid Financial Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Step 13
Promote service ........................................................... 87
13.1 Prepare Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
13.2 Understand the Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
13.3 Give a Unique Brand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
13.4 Messages According to Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
13.5 Use any Possible Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
13.6 Involve Other Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Annexes .................................................................. 93
Contents vii
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Foreword
Unsafe sanitation is a major problem in our world today, and the cause of many illnesses and deaths every
year. This is not a one-country problem, but a global issue. Approximately 4.5 billion people in our world
either practice open defecation or use unsafe sanitation facilities and services. There is an urgent need to
improve sanitation, and that is why we are excited to make the content in this book more widely
available toward that end.
Fecal sludge management is a crucial component of global sanitation services and a strategic solution to
addressing unsafe sanitation. It is integral in protecting and improving the lives of the people in communities
around the world with non-sewer sanitation systems. Scheduled desludging is a valuable initiative for fecal
sludge management systems and provides many benefits for cities and regions that implement it. Scheduled
desludging is also an approach that helps ensure inclusive and equitable service delivery so that low-income
communities also have access to the services and makes cities accountable for sustainable service delivery.
For this reason, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was glad to support the English adaptation of this
resource on planning and executing scheduled desludging service which was developed by the great,
collaborative, years’ of work of USAID Indonesia Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Penyehatan
Lingkungan untuk Semua (IUWASH Plus) and the Ministry of Public Works in Indonesia.
This book provides helpful and comprehensive guidance to develop scheduled desludging that has been
used to establish this service in multiple cities in Indonesia. We look forward to getting this resource into the
hands of many people from many countries to learn and benefit from its content. May you, the reader, apply
what you find here, and may it serve to support your efforts in improving sanitation services and the many
people impacted thereby.
Roshan Raj Shrestha, PhD
Deputy Director, Global Growth Opportunity
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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Preface
Over half of Indonesia’s 262 million people live in densely populated urban areas that often lack sewerage.
In these urban areas, sanitation services are strained; over 80% of this population relies on individual or
communal septic tanks that are rarely watertight. Indonesia, however, is highly committed to reaching
the UN Sustainable Development Goal 2030 for safely managed sanitation. To improve the health and
prosperity of this and future generations of families, Indonesia must increase its self-reliance in
providing and managing regular, efficient, and cost-effective collection of sludge from the septic tanks.
From 2011 through 2016 , the United States Government, through the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) Indonesia Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IUWASH)
project, assisted the Government of I ndonesia to achieve its sanitation development goal through an
innovative service for scheduled desludging of fecal waste. This innovative service, called Layanan
Lumpur Tinja Terjadwal (LLTT) in Indonesian, advances cities’ self-r eliance in safely handling and
disposing of sludge, which is intimately linked with community health, water cleanliness, and fewer
instances of waterborne disease such as diarrhea.
Through the LLTT system, households can easily subscribe to a regular septic tank emptying system
handled by either public or private sector operators, who transport the sludge to an operating sludge
treatment facility. To reduce the burden on families, LLTT facilitates a service payment plan that
includes charges in water tariffs or structured monthly payments. This payme nt plan serves as an
incentive for families to subscribe since it makes it easier for them to pay on time and in full.
After three cities launched LLTT, USAID IUWASH developed a book called Saatnya Sekarang!
Jalankan Layanan Lumpur Tinja Terjadwal! (The Time is Now! Starting Scheduled Desludging!) to
promote scheduled desludging and expand LLTT in more municipalities throughout Indonesia. USAID
continues to assist 34 municipalities with increasing access to safely managed sanitation services for
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_xi
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families while improving key hygiene behaviors among poor and vulnerable urban populations. In early
2020, IUWASH PLUS updated and refined the technical, financial, and institutional aspects of the LLTT
approach, and to date, 13 of the 34 assisted cities have launched LLTT services. With the support of
USAID and the Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of National Planning, and other donor agencies,
scheduled desludging of fecal waste is now happening in many other cities throughout the country,
meaning that more families can enjoy better health and hygiene.
USAID thanks the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for helping to make the English-language version
of this book a reality.
Matthew Burton
Environment Office Director
USAID Indonesia
Preparing Scheduled Desludgingxii
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Introduction
Almost all countries have committed to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG) by 2030, one of the
goals is to achieve the provision of safety managed sanitation for all citizens. This means that each resident
must have access to a toilet that is connected to a sewer system or to a septic tank. Many cities do not have
sufficient funds to build and operate sewerage systems, consequently they encourage every household to use
proper septic tank.
Septic tanks accumulate solids, either carried by the incoming wastewater or resulting from the anaerobic
decomposition of feces and other organic materials. The settled solids or sludge must be pumped out
regularly, otherwise the septic tank efficiency will be disrupted and septage might pollute the ground
water. The accumulated solids can also reduce or even stop the flow of wastewater and disrupt the
function of the toilet. Considering the potential negative impacts, periodic desludging of septic tanks has
been made mandatory in cities in several countries, including in Indonesian cities.
A city or municipality must provide a service scheme that can provide periodic desludging to households
in accordance with a specified schedule. Several programs need to be in place so the scheduled desludging
scheme can run effectively, including regulations, institutions, infrastructure and customer management. In
addition to service providers, municipal agencies need to be involved to ensure households use the right
septic tank and perform regular desludging.
This book presents a methodology for preparing scheduled desludging schemes in cities. Opening with a
description of its definition and principles, this book outlines step by step the preparation of a scheduled
desludging scheme. Each city has its own characteristics; therefore, it is possible that a city may have a
different sequence of preparation steps than other cities.
This book is an international adaptation from the book of Saatnya Sekarang! Jalankan Layanan Lumpur
Tinja Terjadwal (It’s Time Now! Starting Scheduled Desludging Service) which was created and published
in 2015 by the Indonesian Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IUWASH) program funded by the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID). This book targets those who will be involved by the
municipalities to prepare scheduled desludging schemes in their respective regions. Some of Indonesia’s
specific narratives and terms used in the original book have been adapted for the benefit of readers from
other countries (see the following box).
Happy reading.
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The original book
The book of Saatnya Sekarang! Jalankan Layanan Lumpur Tinja Terjadwal (It’s Time Now! Run the
Scheduled Desludging Service) was prepared in 2015 as part of IUWASH (Indonesian Urban Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene) program activities to promote the scheduled desludging scheme in
Indonesia. This book outlines the steps that need to be taken in preparing scheduled desludging in
a city.
Much of the materials in this book are taken from IUWASH program’s direct experience in the
introduction and preparation of scheduled desludging in several Indonesian cities, for example,
Makassar, Surakarta (Solo), as well as DKI Jakarta. Some materials are taken from the
Guidelines of Septage Management published by the Directorate General of Human Settlements
(the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing), as well as from the reports published by the
Water and Sanitation Program (World Bank).
This book is complemented by 4 supplementary books on
K3, finance, marketing and operations. The authors are
IUWASH’s internal expert staff in these fields and several
external consultants. Periodic consultation is carried out
with representatives of the Indonesian government,
especially those from BAPPENAS (National Development
Planning Agency) and the Ministry of Public Works and
Housing. Soft copies of these books can be downloaded
from the official website of the IUWASH PLUS program
and other sites. The USAID-funded IUWASH PLUS
program will continue to work in Indonesia until end-2021.
Adaptation for this book was prepared by Rudy Yuwono,
Stantec Consulting Services, Inc., and Asian Institute of
Technology (AIT).
Preparing Scheduled Desludgingxiv
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Understand scheduled desludging
We must understan d the definitions, roles, benefits, and aspects of scheduled desludging before we start
preparing them in our city. It must be clearly understood that scheduled desludging is a measure given
in response to the obligation for septic tanks to undergo periodic desludging. Scheduled desludging is a
component of the septage management of the city; its effective ness, performance and sustainability are
greatly in fluenced by the other components. This section concludes with a discussion of the steps for
preparing a scheduled desludging scheme in the city.
0.1 A MANDATORY DESLUDGING
Septic tanks have the ability to digest organic material and separate floating material and solids from
domestic wastewater. Settled solids are digested anaerobically while the liquid portion overflows into the
soak pits or infiltration gallery. Settled solids need to be removed from the septic tank on a regular basis
to prevent it from accumulating and reducing the capacity of the tank. Regular desludging will keep the
septic tank functioning properly. Once every 2–3 years is recommended as long as the tank is used by
the same number of people under the design assumption.
The scheduled desludging is the periodic desludging of the septic tank as required by regulation (see
Figure 0.1 and Step 8: Set regulations). The municipality, through their designated service provider,
determines the desludging time of each septic tank in the area. Thus, septic tanks under a scheduled
desludging scheme are not emptied due to requests from households. The desludging is carried out
according to the specified schedule. The scheduled desludging is usually conducted every 2–5 years (see
Figure 0.2), although the exact frequency will be determined after the municipality comprehends the
general characteristics of the septic tanks in their area (see Step 6: Design operations).
The scheduled desludging is managed by an organization appointed by the municipality (see Step 7:
Improve institutions). If necessary, the designated service provider can engage a private desludging
company to assist with the task (see Step 9: Involve partners).
© IWA Publishing 2021. Preparing Scheduled Desludging
Authors: Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0001
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provision
for regular
desludging
assigned
service
provider
scheduled
desludging
service
local
government
Figure 0.1 Scheduled desludging service is provided in response to regulatory provision requiring septic
tanks to be regularly desludged. All septic tank users by law must accept the service.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Figure 0.2 The desludging period is the time span between consecutive desludgings. A 3-year desludging
period means a septic tank will be emptied in 2017, 2020, 2023, and beyond.
Figure 0.3 The City of Surakarta (Central Java) has implemented the scheduled desludging scheme as
required by the local regulations. Each septic tank must be desludged every 3 years. The local water
supply firm is appointed to manage the scheduled desludging in 2015.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging2
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Scheduled desludging fits well with citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS). This approach requires
guarantees that the services provided by the municipalities will be utilized so that all residents benefit
from the existing sanitation system. The existence of continuous and periodic services from scheduled
desludging provides onsite solution effectiveness which is almost as good as offsite solution, particularly
in handling fecal waste.
0.2 DESLUDGE AND TRANSPORT
A septage (or, fecal sludge) management system consists of four components: (1) septi c tank control or
supervision, (2) septic tank desludging, (3) septage transportation and (4) septage treatment (see
Figure 0.4). Separation of fecal management components can be carried out by cities that want to assign
different service providers or establish separate budgets for each of the above components. The
scheduled desludging scheme covers only two components, namely septic tank desludging and septage
transportation. The septage treatment in several cities is typically managed by a different organization
than the septic tank desludging. They also receive and treat septage from on-call or on-demand
desludging. Unlike scheduled desludging, on-demand desludging is only done if there is a request from
the household (see the following table for the differences between the two types of desludging).
Scheduled desludging does not replace on-demand desludging. Both types must be available side-by-side
in the city because there are always households that need more frequent or emergency septic tank emptying.
The scheduled desludging must be regulated institutionally while on-demand desludging does not always
require any arrangement from the municipality.
Scheduled desludging vs on-demand desludging.
Scheduled Desludging On-demand Desludging
Nature Mandatory Voluntary
Implementation Scheduled by the municipality Requested by the households
Customers Registered —
Institutional Requires a citywide managing
service provider
—
septage
treatment
sepc tank
control
sepc tank
desludging
septage
transportaon
septage
treatment
sepc tank
control
sepc tank
desludging
septage
transportaon
Figure 0.4 In the septage management chain, septic tank desludging occurs between septic tank control and
septage transportation to treatment. The performance of each component is very important for the overall
continuity and performance of the septage management system.
Understand scheduled desludging 3
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0.3 THE MANY BENEFITS
Scheduled desludging has direct and indirect benefits. The direct benefits of scheduled desludging are:
• improve performance of septic tanks in the city,
• maintain continuous supply of septage to treatment facility,
• reduce environmental pollution and improve public health,
• provide higher revenues.
The indirect benefits of scheduled desludging are:
• raise public awareness about their responsibilities in managing wastewater, including its financial
implication,
• create business opportunities for private sectors,
• enhance image of a city.
It should be noted that the above benefits will only occur if all components of septage management function
properly. In a city with many sub-standard septic tanks, scheduled desludging will not optimally prevent
pollution. However, the scheduled desludging operation with its regular house visits can assist the
municipality to identify and record sub-standard septic tanks (see Figure 0.5). Scheduled desludging will
not bring optimal benefits if a city does not have a well-performed septage treatment plant.
It should also be noted that scheduled desludging is not an easy scheme to implement. Some cities fail to
establish it, others fail in maintaining its sustainability. The introduction of scheduled desludging gave new
Figure 0.5 Scheduled desludging ensures all septic tanks in the city will be periodically inspected. The
municipality will have data on the existence and condition of septic tanks in the area and the government
will have a basis to enforce their septic tank regulations to the households.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging4
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obligations to households so it was often met with rejection. In implementing cities, households are not
always willing to accept the desludging services that have arrived in the location. This also happens even
though the households have actually paid the monthly service fee. Public awareness raising is needed
before scheduled desludging is developed in a city. Due to the various conditions of the septic tanks,
scheduled desludging operators often find it difficult to carry out their duties, especially in the first cycle
of scheduled desludging.
0.4 SEVEN ASPECTS TO CONSIDER
Scheduled desludgin g has seven aspects that need to be considered in its preparation and implementation,
these include the operations, customers, infrast ructure, regulations, institutions, procedures, and finances
(see Figure 0.6). These seven aspects form an integrated joint support system to ensure scheduled
desludging operations are carried out systematically, properly and sustainably. If one aspect is ignored, it
is likely the scheduled desludging will not function as expected.
The following is a description of each aspect of scheduled desludging preparation and implementation.
(1) Operation scheme: Scheduled desludging must have an appropriate operating scheme in
accordance with regional conditions and service targets, specifically regarding (a) the desludging
period, (b) service zonings, (c) desludging volume, (d) scheduling algorithm and (e)
transportation routes.
(2) Customer: Scheduled desludging m ust have enough customers to optimize their service operations
and bring in large financial revenues. Scheduled desludging customers must meet the following
criteria: (a) septic tank user, (b) location accessible by desludging trucks, and (c) willingness to
pay for services.
(3) Infrastructure: Scheduled desludging needs to be supported by desludging and transportation
vehicles, treatment facility, and office and management information systems. All infrastructure
must be selected and provided in accordance with the operating scheme and financial condition
of the city or service provider.
regulaon
operaon scheme
financial
procedureinstuonal
customer
infrastructure
ASPECTS
OF SCHEDULED
DESLUDGING
Figure 0.6 Scheduled desludging has seven management aspects to allow desludging to be carried out
properly, systematically and sustainably. The seven aspects must be developed in accordance with the
characteristics and capabilities of the city, as well as with the service objectives and targets to be achieved.
Understand scheduled desludging 5
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(4) Institutional: The performance and sustainability of scheduled desludging needs to be supported
by institutions that have specific functions, namely planning, compliance with regulations,
operations management, and service delivery. One organization may be able to carry out several
of these functions as long as it does not create a conflict of interest. Scheduled desludging can
involve private companies to carry out the service delivery function.
(5) Procedure: Scheduled desludging must be supported by (a) a customer management procedure, (b)
a septic tank desludging procedure, (c) a septage transportation procedure, (d) a customer billing
procedure, (e) a performance evaluation procedure. The consistent implementation of operating
procedures will make scheduled desludging run regularly and systematically in accordance with
the agreed operating scheme and objectives.
(6) Financial: Sche duled desludging must earn enough revenue from the households to cover all
operating and management costs. To the extent possible, revenues from the scheduled
desludging service can be used to help finance the infrastructure investment and provide a
reasonable profit to the municipality or the service provider.
(7) Regulation: Scheduled desludging needs to be supported by a set of regulations requiring: (a)
proper specifications and use of septic tanks, (b) periodic desludg ing, (c) monitored septage
transportation, (d) disposal of septage in treatment facilities or other designated points, (e)
septage treatment to meet effluent and other environmental standards, and (f) payment of service
rates. In addition, regulations must also provide direction on (a) institutional framework, (b)
private involvement, (c) payment mechanisms, and (d) tariff of the service.
Figure 0.7 The 13 generic steps to set up the scheduled desludging scheme in a city.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging6
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0.5 THIRTEEN DEVELOPMENT STEPS
There are 13 general steps for preparing or setting up a scheduled desludging scheme in the city (see
Figure 0.7). Some steps are sequential, others can be done simultaneously. Each city has its own
characteristics and abilities so the steps in one city may be different from those in another city. Before
the first step, the city should form a team that will facilitate the development of a scheduled desludging
scheme. The following are the 13 steps to set up a scheme (see diagram).
(1) Identify local strengths: The team should obtain information on the population of the community
and building use, the level of use of septic tanks, the availability of desludging trucks, the capacity
of septage treatment facilities, and the existence of regulations and institutions related to sanitation
issues. The team should investigate which of these items allow setting up of the scheduled
desludging scheme to be feasible and less complicated and which of these will be the bottleneck.
(2) Agree on the basics: There are a number of basic and fundamental issues that need to be discussed
and agreed on between team members and relevant parties that will provide general direction to the
preparation of the scheduled desludging scheme. This might include the targets (area, types of
buildings, and level of coverage), timelines, stages of development, and financial principles.
(3) Make initial concept: The initial concept should at least describe the estimated number of
households to be served, the scale of operations, required infrastructure and financial estimates.
The initial concept is made using existing secondary data and several logical assumptions.
(4) Get the green light: The green light from city leaders, particularly the mayor, must be obtained
before implementing a scheduled desludging scheme. The green ligh t of the leadership will enable
the team to get support from other agencies. The initial concept of the scheduled desludging
scheme must be presented to the leaders
(5) Assess targets: The scheduled desludging scheme is intended for all households and other
buildings that use accessible septic tanks. The team must collect information from all
households and buildings before a building can be classified as a viable scheduled desludging
target or customer. At the end of this step, the team should have information on the amount,
spatial distribution and type of buildings as well as the specifications and conditions of a
proper septic tank. The best way is to survey or to perform a census on all households and
buildings in the city.
(6) Design operations: Information collected from surveys or a census is used as a basis for
determining the service zones, amount and classification of targeted buildings, desludging
periods, scheduling period, and desludging modes. The operations design also includes the
daily volume of septage, desludging frequency, number of desludging trucks or other vehicles
and required treatment capacity for septage originating from scheduled desludging operation.
(7) Improve institutions: After the main service provider of scheduled desludging is appointed, the
team should plan the capacity building activities for the organization. Starting from setting the
organizational structure, improving functions and increasing the number and qualifications of
personnel. In addition to service providers, the city government also needs to determine the
role of planners, regulators and supervisors in other institutions. All must have the capacity
needed to support scheduled sludge removal schemes. In addition to the service provider, the
municipality needs to determine and establish the role of a planner, regulator, and supervisor
on th e other institutions. These roles must have the capacity required to support a sustainable
and well-regulated schedu led desludging scheme.
(8) Set regulations: There must be regulations to require the use of proper septic tanks which must be
desludged regularly and periodically as well as requirements for transporting septage safely to the
Understand scheduled desludging 7
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treatment facility where the septage will be treated to meet the effluent and other environmental
standards. Regulations regarding service tariffs in several cities require approval from the
legislature. All regulations must be developed together with their community promotion and
compliance strategies.
(9) Involve partners: Third parties, both private entities and community groups, may need to be
involved in providing septic tank desludging services. After choosing the right partner, we
need to fix the scope and form of cooperation between the main service provide rs and the
partners. Agreement must be made in writing and officially signed.
(10) Prepare the fleets: The septage desludging fleet needs to be prepared according to the operating
scheme, modes of desludging and transportation and general conditions of traffic. This includes
desludging vehicles, crew members and operating procedures. A licensing scheme for
desludging vehicles needs to be established, as well as a fleet monitoring system. All crew
members must undergo trainings before they can carry out their duties.
(11) Install management system: The quality of the business process of the scheduled desludging
service provider will be determined by the quality of the management system. By utilizing
digital information technology, we can manage information consistently, accurately, and
efficiently. The management system will also be connected to a fleet monitoring device so that
all operations can be monitored and recorded in real time.
(12) Plan finance: We need to estimate capital and operational expenditure based on the agreed
operating design. Tariffs can be calculated afterwards according to the cost recovery policy and
customer groupings. Projections on profit and loss, as well as balance sheet should be prepared
to better ensure the financial health of scheduled desludging operation. The team can adjust the
operational plan until the financial plan meets the expectations of all parties.
(13) Promote the service: Scheduled desludging is a mandatory measure. All households must
understand the reasons and benefits of scheduled desludging as well as their rights and
obligations as customers. A promotion strategy must be developed, before marketing tools and
promotional officers are prepared.
The steps above are open for modification according to the characteristics and capabilities of each city.
The speed at which scheduled desludging is prepared will be affected by the intensity and effectiveness of
the team and all parties involved. It is also possible to adopt a more conservative approach that starts with
raising awareness of on-demand emptying, applying incentives to those who request regular service before
going for full-fledged scheduled desludging
Preparing Scheduled Desludging8
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Step 1
Identify local strengths
Begin the process of preparing a scheduled desludging scheme by identifying things that can make the
process simpler and faster. In the process, obstacles may be encountered that can slow down or even
halt the process. Assess the current conditions of the seven scheduled desludging aspects against the
conditions required. At the end of this step, we must decide whether preparation of scheduled desludging
is feasible to continue and determine what measures are needed to close the gap.
1.1 ANALYZE THE GAP
Initiate the development of a scheduled desludging scheme by finding answers to the following questions:
what is currently owned by a city that can accelerate the preparation process of the scheme? What will halt or
slow down the preparation of the scheme? To answer these questions, the team of course needs to understand
what aspects of the scheduled desludging scheme are needed so it can be implemented properly and
sustainably (see Figure 1.1). Not only the technical aspects, but also the institutional, regulatory and
financial aspects. The team will later compare what the city already has with what is needed for a
scheduled desludging scheme, also called a gap analysis. Local strengths should be identified as well as
the bottlenecks.
1.2 RELY ON AVAILABLE DATA
In this step, the team can utilize existing secondary information or data available at municipal agencie s
related to urban planning, infrastructure provision, building control, housing and settlements, public
health and sanitation services. This step does not include going to the field to get primary data and
information. Information to be collected includes:
• the total population and buildings,
• the use of septic tanks and their general conditions,
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0009
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• the availability and coverage of wastewater sewerage system,
• the availability of desludging services,
• the number of trucks or other desludging units,
• the availability, capacity, and condition of septage treatment and other wastewater treatment facilities,
• the institutions related to wastewater and septage managements, as well as to water supply, cleansing,
and drainage,
• the regulations related to wastewater, septage, buildings, and environmental management s
As much as possible, any information obtained should include its source along with year and location. It is
helpful to use a questionnaire or checklist to guide us in gathering information (see Figure 1.2 and Annex A
for the questionnaire).
Figure 1.1 The local strengths or bottlenecks for preparing a scheduled desludging scheme are identified
after we compare the current conditions with the required conditions of a proper and sustainable scheduled
desludging scheme. At the beginning of the preparation process for scheduled desludging, gap analysis
can be done using only secondary information.
Figure 1.2 The Assessment Form of City Strengths for Scheduled Desludging used by IUWASH PLUS
program officers and their counterparts when assessing the conditions of the city where they work to
develop scheduled sludge removal services.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging10
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1.3 ‘GO’ OR ‘NO GO’
The team should evaluate whether a city is ready to develop scheduled desludging scheme based on
information collected. There is a possibility that at the end of this step the team concludes the city is not
ready for a scheduled desludging scheme. Reasons may include the small number of households that use
septic tanks or due to the absence of septage treatment facility in the city (see Figure 1.3). If these two
problems are not found, the city can be considered feasible to immediately start the development of a
scheduled desludging scheme.
A key issue that prevents a city from having a scheduled desludging scheme is a small number of septic
tanks within its area due to the restricted capability of the scheme becoming financially independent. The
lower the number of septic tanks, the lower the economic scale of the scheduled desludging scheme. It is
a fact that many cities still have low levels of access to improved sanitation, which means the toilets do
not connect to a septic tank or to a sewerage system network. Some cities even still have high open
defecation rates. In such cities, it is far better for the municipalities to optimize on-demand desludging
services while also promoting the proper use of septic tanks or sewer connection.
Another main issue is the existence and capacity of a septage treatment facility (see Figure 1.4). Many
cities do not have such treatment facilities, or even access to a treatment facility in the nearest city.
Meanwhile some other cities may have septage treatment facilities, but these facilities may not be in
good condition or even really damaged. A city must at least be able to show plans to develop their
septage treatment facility in order to be deemed feasible to start preparing the scheduled desludging scheme.
Another issue is the domestic wastewater management regulation which many cities do not have. Cities
may have regulations regarding buildings, environment management or public health which contain a
number of provisions regarding wastewater management. However, these regulations rarely contain
detailed provisions to support an effective scheduled desludging scheme; for example, the requirements
regulaon
operaon scheme
financial
procedureinstuonal
customer
infrastructure
ASPECTS
OF SCHEDULED
DESLUDGING
• Damaged septage
treatment facility
• A lot of privately
owned desludging
trucks
Neither technical procedures,
nor customer handling,
managerial, financial
procedures.
The wastewater management
act will be approved, but there is
still a need for the mayor's
regulations for fecal sludge
management
46% households using
septic tank
T
here is a wastewater utility
but only to manage
treatment facility.
The master plan for the development of
domestic wastewater is in the preparation.
• Budget available to finance
institutions and operate the
treatment facility,
• No official tariff for desludging
Figure 1.3 A brief note of the result of the gap analysis of city potential carried out by IUWASH team in an
Indonesia city. At the end of the analysis, the city was deemed fit to start preparing a scheduled desludging
scheme provided they had a plan to rehabilitate their treatment facility and improve the regulations.
Step 1: Identify local strengths 11
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to have database on septic tanks, 3-year desludging time, monitored desludging and transportation, safety
gears, monthly tariff payment and others may not be provided in detail. A specific septage management
regulation is a must for a city to imple ment a scheduled desludging scheme.
The team can make a list of all the follow-up measures necessary to develop a scheduled desludging
scheme in the city. Arrange the steps in sequence in a diagram to make it easier for others to understand
(see Figure 1.5). Enter the estimated completion time for each measure so we can calculate the total time
needed to prepare a complete scheduled desludging scheme in the city.
The preparation of a scheduled desludging scheme for some cities could be their first attempt in preparing
an institutionalized citywide sanitation service. A lot of resources, energy and time will be spent by the
municipalities to set up the supporting components of the scheduled desludging scheme. These
components will also be needed if the city wants to develop a sewerage system service in the future.
Figure 1.4 Septage treatment facility is an important component of scheduled desludging schemes. Their
capacity often becomes the limiting factor that determines the coverage of septage desludging scheme in
the early years.
BASIC CONCEPT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
INITIAL STAGE
OPERATION
DATABASE OF CUSTOMERS
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
PROMOTION
FINANCIAL PLAN
FINANCIAL PROCEDURE
SERVICE TARIFF
CUSTOMER HANDLING
OPERATION DESIGN
DESLUDGING FLEET
REGULATION ON SCHEDULED
DESLUDGING
TECHNICAL PROCEDURE
TARIF DECISSION LETTER
SERVICE PROVIDER
PARTNER
SEPTAGE TREATMENT
3 months
6 months
6 months
3 months
3 months
3 months
2 months
12 months
9 months
6 months
6 months
2 months
2 months
3 months
6 months
3 months
6 months
Figure 1.5 Flow chart of measures for developing a scheduled sludge desludging scheme in the city as a
result of an assessment of the city’s potential. The duration for carrying out each measure needs to be
specified so the team can estimate the total time needed to prepare a scheduled sludge removal scheme
in the city.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging12
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Step 2
Agree on the basics
There are some basic decisions that need to be agreed upon by related parties which will drive the
preparation process. These basics may include the targeted areas and level of coverage, development
stages, timeline and financial costing principles. It is important to involve representatives from other
agencies who later will be involved in the preparation or the implementation of the scheduled desludging.
This step will only be effective if all parties have the same perception about the scheduled desludging scheme.
2.1 ESTABLISH COMMON PERCEPTION
Preparation of a scheduled desludging scheme in the city must involve representatives from various agencies
who inevitably, directly or indirectly, will be involved in the operations and supervision of the scheme. This
includes agencies of urban planning, infrastructure provision, building control, housing and settlements,
sanitation, public health, and environmental management.
A workshop must be held to ensure all parties have the same understanding and perception of a scheduled
desludging scheme. A few examples of topics to discuss in the workshop include:
• Scheduled desludging includes a mandatory septic tank emptying to be conducted periodically as
required by law to all septic tanks.
• Scheduled desludging is conducted in a period and time set by the municipalities (with input from
service provider).
• Scheduled desludging only handles septage which is defined as all mixtures of solids and liquids
including human waste that accumulates in the septic tank.
• Scheduled desludging service consists of septage desludging and transportation activities while
septage treatment is a different service which may be conducted by another service provider.
• Scheduled desludging does not eliminate the existing on-demand desludging service (see Figure 2.1).
• The service provider assigned to manage scheduled desludging operations is not automatically
assigned to regulate on-demand desludging service operations unless the regulation orders it.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0013
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2.2 DEFINE OUTCOMES
We can start this step by defining the outcomes of the scheduled desludging scheme in the city. An outcome
is a long-term result due to the existence of the scheduled desludging scheme. For each outcome, it is
important to understand the implications and to set corresponding indicators (see the following table).
Examples of outcomes.
Outcomes Indicators
Improved overall sanitation behavior
and services
• The level of use of septic tanks
• Amount of fecal sludge received by septage treatment plant
Improved quality of the environment Percentage of groundwater samples contaminated with
Escherichia coli
Improved level of public health Number of cases of illness due to poor sanitation conditions
Improved image of the city Number of acknowledgments or awards from other parties
2.3 SET AREA AND TIME
Two basic things that need to be agreed on from the beginning of the initial step of scheduled desludging
preparation are (a) the area where scheduled desludging will be applied and (b) the time when the
scheduled desludging will start. A master plan for the development of domestic wastewater system or a
city sanitation strategy may contain information relating to both (see Figure 2.2). In cases where a city
does not have such docum ents, the team can seek input and recommendations from urban planning and
environmental management planning agencies.
Figure 2.1 On-call or on-demand services will not be eliminated due to the establishment of a scheduled
desludging scheme in the city. Both will be complementary to each other because many households may
require more services than the time period set for scheduled desludging. https://sedot-wc-bandung-juara.
business.site/.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging14
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Scheduled desludging will be required for all septic tanks in the city. However, there are certain
conditions where a schedu led desludging scheme is not suitable for some parts of the city. These
conditions may include (a) areas with high open defecation rates, (b) areas with unclear soil status, or (c)
areas with existing and future sewerage systems. A scheduled desludging scheme can start at any time
according to decision of the city government. However, it is important to ensure the scheduled
desludging scheme is started when the infrastructure is ready, and the gap has been resolved (see the
section in Step 1: Identify local strengths). Depending on the level of preparedness of the scheduled
desludging aspects, it may be an advantage to introduce a pilot trial phase in the first year of introduction.
Figure 2.2 The master plan for domestic wastewater management of a city needs to be considered in
determining scheduled desludging target areas. The map above is taken from the Malang city wastewater
master plan (Indonesia) which shows three wastewater service zones to be developed in the city. Zones I
and II are planned to have a wastewater sewerage system while zone III will rely on an on-site system. The
scheduled desludging will be the main service in zone III.
Step 2: Agree on the basics 15
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2.4 PROPOSE INSTITUTIONS
Scheduled desludging schemes require the involvement of at least two types of institutions, that is (a) the
regulator and (b) the service provider(s). Some cities may already have institutions able to carry out
these roles. However, the scheduled desludging scheme may be the first city-wide service that the ci ty
will have. Existing institutions may not have sufficient authority or capacity to carry out such large-scale
services. The gap analysis conducted in the previous step will provide us with information regarding the
capacity of the existing institutions in the city (see Step 1: Identify local strengths).
The team can identify and propose an institutional setup for the scheduled desludging scheme, but it will
be the city government who will make the final decision. However, it is very important to indicate which
institutions or organizations will play the roles of regulator and service provider from the start (see
Figure 2.3). They must be involved in the preparation of the scheduled desludging scheme. They can
provide input and suggestions about their future roles, as well as the required capacity building activities.
2.5 RECOMMEND FINANCIAL PRINCIPLE
The financial principles of STP operations should be agreed in this step. This is needed to calculate the
amount of costs that will be borne by households (conducted in the next step). One choice is to burden
households with sufficient costs to recover all operation al and maintenance costs (or, an operational cost
recovery structure). Another option, burden households with all costs and investment fund of
future infrastructure (or, a full cost recovery structure). If scheduled desludging is expected to be
profitable, of course the burden of costs to households will be even higher. However, there is a
possibility that the local government will need to provide subsidies to ease the burden on the households
in the service area.
Figure 2.3 The role of regulators and service providers cannot be held by one institution. There are regulatory
and control functions that need to be carried out by the regulatory body, while service providers do require
supervision so that operations can proceed according to standard procedures.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging16
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Step 3
Make initial concept
The team can make the initial concept of the scheduled desludging scheme to be presented to th e city
government and other key stakeholders in the city. It is important they have a good understanding of the
service scheme that will be proposed for their city. The initial concept should be developed in
accordance with the basics previously agreed upon. In addition to the number of households to be
served and the required infrastructure, the initial concept needs also to show financial estimates. The
team can use secondary data and common sense to formulate the initial concept.
3.1 JUST AN ILLUSTRATION
The initial concept of a scheduled desludging scheme must show, at a minimum:
• the number of households to be served,
• the daily desludging frequency and septage volume,
• the required number of required desludging units and the capacity of the septage treatment plant,
• the desludging tariff and annual operating costs and revenues.
The initial concept should cover the portion of the city selected to be served in the first year of the scheduled
desludging scheme (see Step 2: Agree on the basics).
The team may not have actual information on the number, size, condition, or accessibility of the septic
tanks in the selected area, which would be needed for a detailed design of a scheduled desludging scheme
of a city, but these are not necessary to put together an initial concept of the scheduled desludging scheme.
The team can use the secondary information partially obtained in the previous step (see Step 1: Identify
local strengths). This is still acceptable because now we only want to make an illustration of the future
scheduled desludging scheme. Such illustration will be a helpful tool to introduce the scheme to the city
government, other city leaders, and stakeholders.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi Darmawan, Endro
Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/9781789062281_0017
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The initial concept is based only on the number of households that use septic tanks. Other types of
buildings are not included in this step, that is, public offices, commercial buildings, and social buildings.
This is done solely for simplification, especially in the early stages of the preparation. Later, the team
will elaborate the scheduled desludging concept by including all types of buildings in the city.
3.2 ESTIMATE OPERATIONS
The initial concept of a scheduled desludging scheme, as mentioned earlier, presents the estimated number
of households to be served, frequency of desludging, as well as the number of desludging trucks and
capacity of septage treatment. These can be estima ted from simple calculations using secondary
information and common assumptions. The following are examples of calculations to estimate the
operations:
(1) Obtain information on the population and households:
Parameter Example
• Population (people) 400,000 people
• Average number of people per household (people/household) 5 people/household
• Proportion of septic tank users (% number of households) 80% of households
(2) Assume and agree on the values of the following operational parameter.
Parameter Example
• Tank volume of the desludging truck (m
3
) 3.0 m
3
• Number of operation days (days/year) 250 days/year
• Working hours (hours/day) 8 hours/day
• Average desludging operation time (hour/household) 0.5 hour/household
• Average trip time to the septage treatment plant (hour/trip) 0.5 hour/trip
• Desludging period (year) 3 year
• Service coverage (% households using septic tanks) 75% of households using septic
tanks will be served
• Average desludging volume (m
3
/household) 1.5 m
3
/household
(3) Calculate the number of served households:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Number of served households (households) (400.000 people)/(5 people/household) ×
(80%) × (75%) =
48.000 households
• Number of served households per day
(household/day)
(48.000 household)/(3 years)/(250 days/
year) =
64 household/day
Preparing Scheduled Desludging18
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(4) Calculate the number of operation cycle:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Capacity of septage in 1 operational cycle
(m
3
/cycle)
3m
3
/cycle
• Number of served households in 1 operational
cycle (household/cycle)
(3 m
3
/cycle)/(1.5 m
3
/household) =
2 households/cycle
• Number of operational cycles per day (64 households/day)/(2 households/
cycle) =
32 cycles/day
(5) Calculate the number of desludging trucks required:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Time required for one operational cycle (hour/
cycle/truck)
[(2 households/cycle) × (0.5 hours/
household)] + [(2 trips/cycle) × (0.5 hours/
trip)] =
2 hours/cycle
• Number of operational cycles per desludging
truck (cycle/day/truck)
(8 hours/day)/(2 hours/cycle/truck) =
4 cycles/truck/day
• Number of desludging truck required (truck) (32 cycles/day)/(4 cycles/truck/day) =
8 trucks
(6) Calculate the required capacity of septage treatment:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Volume of septage that needs to be
treated (m
3
/day)
(64 households/day) × (1.5 m
3
/
household) =
96 m
3
/day
We can use spreadsheet software to speed up the calculation process above, such as Microsoft Excel.
3.3 CALCULATE BASIC COST
In the context of this book, basic cost means the cost to deliver a sustainable scheduled desludging service
in order to set household tariffs while considering profit and loss. The basic cost is the same as the average
tariff to be imposed to households provided the cost recovery principle is applied. Collectively, the total
revenue from the households will fully finance scheduled desludging operations, including government
subsidies.
The calculation of the basic cost of scheduled desludging operation should include all operating costs
which are grouped as follows:
• Collection cost: The cost required to desludge septic tanks and transport the septage to the treatment
plant, including fuel costs, maintenance costs, vehicle tax, honorarium, and communication costs in
the calculation. The existing service provider in the area may have insights to incorporate into the
collection cost.
Step 3: Make initial concept 19
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• Management cost: The cost required for wages or salaries, office overhead, promotions, as well as
for the depreciation of assets. The amount of the management cost is also influenced by the scale of
scheduled desludging operation.
• Treatment cost: The fee required to pay the treatment service for each septage disposal at the
treatment plant. The treatme nt fee is usually already set by the septage treatment service provider
or by the municipality. The items in the treatment cost typically consist of energy (electricity and
fuel) cost, material cost, maintenance cost and operator cost. The amount of the treatment cost is
strongly influenced by the type of technology and by the treatment capacity.
The basic cost can be calculated and presented as a monthly cost using the following formula:
Basic cost =
(collection cost)+(management cost)+(treatment cost)
(number of served households)×(desludging period)×(12 months)
The following tables show the calculation methods that we can use to obtain the basic cost of the
scheduled desludging service. Information on cost items for collection and treatment can be obtained
from a service provider, septage treatment plant manager or from the tariff regulations. Information on
cost items for management can be obtained from organizations that have similar public service delivery
functions, for example a water supply utility or company. The cost calculation examples below use
numbers from previously calculated operating estimates.
(1) Obtain values of the parameters that have been calculated previously:
Parameter Example
• Number of operation days (days/year) 250 days/year
• Desludging period (years) 3 years
• Number of served households (households) 48,000 households
• Number of served households per day (households/day) 64 households/day
• Number of served households in 1 operational cycle
(households/cycle)
2 households/cycle
• Volume of septage that needs to be treated (m
3
/day) 96 m
3
/day
(2) Calculate transportation cost:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Desludging cost (USD per household)
1
USD 10.00 per household
• Transportation distance of desludging
truck (km/cycle)
40 km/cycle
• Fuel consumption (km/liter) 8 km/liter
• Fuel cost (USD per liter) USD 0.5 per liter
(Continued)
1
It is assumed that the amount is taken from the existing desludging service provider.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging20
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Parameter Example of Calculation
• Number of operational cycles per day (64 households/day)/(2 households/cycle) =
32 cycles/day
• Desludging cost item (USD per day) (64 households/day) × (USD 1000 per
household) =
USD 640 per day
• Transportation cost item (USD per day) (32 cycles/day) × (40 km/cycle) × (USD 0.5 per
liter)/(8 km/liter) =
USD 80 per day
• Collection cost (USD per day) USD 640 per day + USD 80 per day =
USD 720 per day
• Collection cost (USD per year) (250 days/year) × (USD 720 per day) =
USD 180,000 per year
(3) Calculate management cost:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Salary cost item (USD per year) USD 90,000 per year
• Office overhead cost item (USD per year) USD 120,000 per year
• Promotion cost item (USD per year) USD 50,000 per year
• Depreciation cost item (USD per year) USD 0 per year
• Management cost (USD per year) USD 90,000 per year + USD 120,000 per year +
USD 50,000 per year =
USD 260,000 per year
(4) Calculate treatment cost:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Treatment fee (USD per m
3
) USD 3.00 per m
3
• Treatment cost (USD per day) (96 m
3
/hari) × (USD 3.00 per m
3
) = USD 288 per day,
• Treatment cost (USD per year) (250 days/year) × (USD 288 per day) =
USD 72,000/year
(5) Calculate basic cost of scheduled desludging:
Parameter Example of Calculation
• Total cost (USD per year) USD 180,000 per year + USD 260,000 per year +
USD 72,000 per year = USD 512,000 per year
• Basic cost (USD per month) (USD 512,000 per year)/(48.000 households)/(12 months/
year) =
USD 0.9 per month
Step 3: Make initial concept 21
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By using a spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel, the calculations to estimate operations can be
combined with the calculations of basic cost. Different scenarios can be simulated quickly and easily
with the spreadsheet program, any change in operating parameters will automatically adjust the basic cost.
3.4 STRIVE FOR PROFIT
In the end, all costs must be borne by the households in accordance with the principle of cost recovery. The
rate to be charged to households must be at least the same amount as the basic fee. It is even better if the tariff
is set higher than the base fee. Referring to the example above, we may propose the rate of USD 1.00 per
month for the tariff to households which is slightly higher than the basic cost of USD 0.9 per month. So, the
proposed tariff is not just to fully recover the cost but also to make the scheduled desludging operation bring
some profit to the city or service provider (Figure 3.1).
The fact that a continuous stream of revenue is expected encourages decision makers in the city to accept
the introduction of a scheduled desludging scheme in their city. It is important to convince the city
government and other decision makers that the scheduled desludging scheme can be financially
independent or even bring profit to the city and the service provider. They should understand that the
scheduled desludging scheme will not place additional burdens on the local budget.
Figure 3.1 With a good tariff, the accumulated revenue will be greater than the accumulated operating costs.
The scheduled desludging scheme therefore can benefit the service provider.
Toolkit to simulate operation of the scheduled desludging scheme
A computer software has been created to help us simulate the operation plan of a scheduled desludging
scheme and find out the implications for the financial aspects of the scheme. The official name of this
software is the Septage Management Decision Support Tool (SMDST) but it is often referred to as
the Septage Management Toolkit. Users can calculate the needs of the desludging fleet and septage
treatment according to the projected number of served households. Different operation simulations
can be performed by changing the values of the desludging technical parameters, such as septage
volume, working time and distance to septage treatment plant.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging22
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This toolkit has five modules arranged in sequence: (1) flow
and characteristics modules, (2) desludging modules, (3)
processing modules, (4) management modules, and (5) financial
modules. Based on the selected operating conditions, this toolkit
will help the user to calculate the capital and operating costs of
scheduled desludging. This will also help the user to calculate
the basic cost and then the average tariff. The final output of
the toolkit consisting of five modules is a financial plan, both in
the form of a cash flow statement and an income statement.
The results can be presented as pie charts.
The user is guided to use the five modules,
including entering the values of the operational
parameters. If the user is not sure about the
operational parameters, the toolkit provides a
set of default values. The user can choose the
septage treatment technology most appropriate
for the specific conditions of a city, be it a
mechanical system, non-mechanical system, or
a combination of both.
This toolkit was created by USAID by involving
consultant Montgomery Watson Harza (MWH)
as the developer. IUWASH is helping to improve
this toolkit to make it more suitable for
Indonesian cities. IUWASH is also fully involved
in making the Indonesian version. This book can
be downloaded from the IUWASH website.
Step 3: Make initial concept 23
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Step 4
Get the green light
Once the team presents the initial concept of the scheduled desludging to the city government and other
decision makers and convinces them that the scheduled desludging is needed and will bring benefits to
the city, then the City government needs to give a green light for the preparation plan of the scheduled
desludging scheme to move forward. Scheduled desludging is a new type of service for many cities.
Whether it will be carried out or not depends on the decision of the city government and other city leaders.
4.1 PERMISSION TO CONTINUE
Cities are not always required to have scheduled desludging schemes in their area. They have the option to
introduce other sanitation services, including on-demand desludging and off-site or sewerage systems. The
choice to have a scheduled desludging scheme may be based purely on the will of the city to provide better
and safer sanitation service for households. Therefore, permission from the city government and other city
leaders is very important for the process (see Figure 4.1). If the city government does not give permission,
the team must immediately stop preparations to avoid wasting more resources. If the city government gives
the green light for the plan, the team can move forward. If allowed, more city agents will be involved in the
preparation and additional budget may be provided.
It is also very important for us to know the expectation and concern of the city government on the
development and operation of the scheduled desludging scheme.
4.2 PRESENT PERSUASIVELY
The team should meet with the city government to present and discuss our plan to prepare the scheduled
desludging scheme in the city. Prepare the presentation material, along with the handouts and other
supporting materials. The presentation materials must be short, attractive and readable with limited
words. Use consistent fonts, colors and backgrounds to maintain the clarity of the presentation
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0025
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(see Figure 4.2). We must use good quality images that reinforce and complement the message. Things that
should be covered in our presentation material at least are:
• Existing condition of wastewater management in the city includes information about level of access to
latrine, use of septic tanks, availability of offsite system as well as availability of desludging and
septage treatment service.
• Environmental and public health conditions include information about the condition of groundwater
and river water in urban areas, along with the level of disease generation associated with poor
sanitation conditions.
• Driving factors for cities to have scheduled desludging includes laws and regulations requiring
sanitation services, benefits of sanitation services, sanitation services in other cities, support
available from other parties.
• Basic understanding of scheduled desludging; includes information about its definitions, differences
with other services, nature of scheduled desludging services, aspects and bene fits of
scheduled desludging.
• Scheduled desludging scheme to be developed: includes scheduled desludging illustrative diagrams
showing service coverage, scale of operations, infrastructure needs, institutional framework and the
year scheduled desludging is expected to start.
• Financial aspects of scheduled desludging: includes basic tariff and estimated revenue and
expenditure within a certain time frame.
Figure 4.1 The city government and/or responsible city leaders must believe that scheduled desludging
services are very important for the area. The city leaders must have a general understanding of the
benefits as well as the various risks that come with the preparation and implementation of the scheme.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging26
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• Readiness of the city to prepare a scheduled desludging scheme: includes number of households with
septic tanks, regulatory and institutional framework, availability of desludging trucks and septage
treatment plant, other public services.
• Risk of scheduled desludging application: covers various technical, social, financial, and political
risks that might occur if scheduled desludging is developed and implemented in a city.
• Workplan of scheduled desludging preparation: includes an outline of the work steps for the
preparation and the duration of its implementation.
Convince the city government that the scheduled desludging is really needed in the city. Although there
are risks in their development and application, the impacts of not having a scheduled desludging scheme in
place will cause even greater losses, including environmental conditions, public health and welfare,
financial and on the image of the city.
4.3 SHOW IT GRAPHICALLY
Use graphical diagrams to show the scheduled desludging concept. Try to include all information in one
diagram (see Figure 4.3). Starting from the number of customers to the septage treatment capacity, as
Figure 4.2 Presentation material for the city government must be short and easy to understand, as well as an
attractive layout design. The example above is the PowerPoint slides used by IUWASH program in Indonesia
when presenting the initial concept of scheduled desludging scheme before the mayor of Solo (Central Java,
Indonesia).
Step 4: Get the green light 27
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difference
USD 1.4 Million
per year
cost
Rp.
1,1
Million
per year
desludging cost USD
15
/trip
treatment cost USD
1
/m
3
revenue
USD
2.5
Million
per year
tariff
USD
1.0
–
4.5
/ month
Septage
treatment
plant
70 desludging trucks
(140 trips/day)
400
m
3
/day
223.000 households
95%5%
offsite system scheduled desludging
desludging periode
3 Year
Figure 4.3 The initial concept can be displayed in a diagram showing various information of the scheduled
desludging scheme to be developed in a city. It contains information on the number of households to serve,
desludging period, number of desludging trucks and septage treatment plant needed. In addition, this
diagram also needs to include the basic tariff, operating cost and revenue projections.
latrines
820 thousand households
89%
Unmanaged
septage
11%
24%
Offsite system
desludging
Sepc Tanks
(or similar type)
62%
Unmanaged
wastewater
Managed
septage
Managed
wastewater
Open defecaon
3%
septage
treatment plant
Figure 4.4 The diagram shows the flow of wastewater produced by the entire population of the city. Some
wastewater will be managed well, some will pollute the environment. Likewise, with the septage taken from
septic tanks, some will go to the environment untreated. This flow diagram is developed by the World Bank
and has been used in various cities in Indonesia and other countries.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging28
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well as financial information. Indicate the proportion of scheduled desludging components in the domestic
wastewater management system.
In addition to the initial scheduled desludging scheme, provide another diagram that shows the overall
wastewater management framework in a city (see Figure 4.4). This becomes more important in a city
that has or will have an offsite system. In the wastewater management framework diagram, the context
of the availability and contribution of scheduled desludging will be clearer.
4.4 RECORD THE DECISION
The city government’s approval must be stated and recorded in writing. Particularly, if his or her permission
is accompanied by promises to provide more technical, policy and financial supports. Prepare meeting
minutes describing all the inputs and decisions made in the meeting. Send the meeting minutes to the
attendees and other interested parties to ensure everybody will move forward from the same point.
Step 4: Get the green light 29
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Step 5
Assess targets
Once the city government has agreed the scheduled desludging scheme can be prepared in the city, the team
can enter the real planning process. Actual data must be used, specifically data on the number, condition
and accessibility of septic tanks. Perform an extensive survey of most or all households and buildings in the
city. Use a smartphone application to log the information and determine the targeted households and
buildings to be served by scheduled desludging services.
5.1 USE CURRENT INFORMATION
The team can use secondary information in making the initial concept of the scheduled desludging scheme
(see Step 3: Make initial concept). However, in the advance planning of the scheduled desludging, it is
strongly recommended to use actual information of the households (and other buildings) and their septic
tanks. Scheduled desludging operation requires clear and accurate information of every service target by
name and by address.
with
access hole
can be reached
by vacuum hose
Figure 5.1 A septic tank is considered viable for desludging if it has an access hole with a lid that can be
opened and can be reached by the vacuum hose of desludging truck.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0031
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Information required in the planning of a scheduled desludging scheme includes:
• The number and distribution of buildings using septic tanks.
• The number and distribution of buildings using septic tanks that can be desludged (see Figure 5.1).
• Average septic tank volume, for each type of building.
All the information above should be provided as a total and as classified by types of buildings (residential
or households, public offices, commercial buildings, and social buildings).
5.2 PERFORM SURVEY
The most effective way to identify potential scheduled desludging targets in a city is by condu cting a
survey of all households and buildings, or more commonly referred to as a census. This means that
the team needs to go to and collect data directly from each building in the city. It certainly requires a
lot of energy, time and funds since a city might have tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands
of buildings.
Alternatively, the team survey only some of the buildings which may represent the availability and
condition of all septic tanks in the city. The number of buildings to be surveyed is determined by
considering the time and funds available, of course without compromising statistical principle and
validity. From the results of the survey, data can be interpolated to obtain information that describes the
general condition of scheduled desludging targets in all areas of the city.
It is best to conduct a survey directly by visiting the buildings. In this way, an enumerator is able to
interview the building owner or resident in person. The enumerator can explain the purpose of the
question, record the respondent’s non-verbal behavior and verify the answer visually. By visiting the
location, the enumerator can obtain the GPS (global posit ioning system) coordinates of the septic tanks.
The disadvantage is the team must have large funds and a longer period of time. There is also the
possibility that the enumerator can influence the respondent’s answers during the face-to-face interview
(Figure 5.2).
Figure 5.2 The best way is to perform face-to-face interviews with the owners or the residents of the buildings.
If it is not possible, telephone interviews or mail questionnaires are also options.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging32
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Surveys can also be carried out indirectly, for example, through telephone interviews and mail
questionnaires. Both of these ways are certainly more efficient in terms of energy, time, and funds.
However, both have the same limitations, that is, the enumerator cannot clarify answers visually or capture
non-verbal behavior of respondents. A telephone interview will get a higher response rate than a survey
by mail.
5.3 COLLECT DATA
The team needs to get the following data when conducting a survey of the targeted buildings:
• Regarding the building: (a) availability of septic tank, (b) type of building (household, government,
social, commercial), (c) accessibility of the building, (d) subscription to electricity and water
supply services.
• Regarding the septic tank: (a) sources of wa stewater that go to the septic tank, (b) septic tank location
and accessibility, (c) size or dimensions, (d) tank material, (e) condition of the lid, (f) condition of the
ventilation, (g) outlet system, (h) last desludging.
Use questionnaire to help the enumerator in collecting data during the survey or census (see Figure 5.3 and
Annex B for the questionnaire).
Figure 5.3 The questionnaires will guide enumerators to obtain complete data in the survey. The structure of
the questionnaire must be relevant, logical and concise. Use communicative terms, for example septic tanks
rather than onsite units, toilet water rather than black water. Ask for the identity of the building owner or resident
because the data will later be entered into the scheduled desludging operational database.
Step 5: Assess targets 33
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Digital applications are now available to assist enumerators in collecting data from respondents or
potential customers (see the following box). Data obtained by the enumerator will be sent directly to the
data management center via internet network.
5.4 ANALYZE FOR INFORMATION
The data collected needs to be analyzed in order to obtain the necessary information. start from the
information on the percentage of buildings using a septic tank to the average septic tank volume and
then move on to the technical parameter information. It is difficult to obtain a single number for an
average septic tank volume, especially in a city where septic tank sizes vary widely. In such a condition,
we can create average volume across several size classifications. For example, an average volume for
small septic tanks, for medium-sized septic tanks and for large septic tanks. Use statistical programs,
such as SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) or Microsoft Excel, to accelerate the work.
The results are displayed then presented in the form of tables, diagrams and narratives that are easy
to understand.
There are thousands or even millions of data to be entered into a computer so there will always be a
possibility of data reading or typing errors. There will always be questionable data due to
misunderstanding in questioning and answering or the lack of thoroughness of the enumerator in
recording the answer. Such data is better to be reconfirmed before entering into the statistic program.
Android application for septic tank survey
Everyone with household-level survey experience may agree that the work
of recording, entering, and processing data is very tiring. Especially if the
survey is conducted on tens of thousands of respondents as in the
survey of septic tanks for the planning of scheduled desludging in a city.
In order to ease the task of the enumerator, while increasing the accuracy
of data management, IUWASH has developed the Septic Tank Survey
Application for Android-based smartphones.
This application contains a series of
questions relating to the characteristics of
the septic tank and the building where the
septic tank is located. Survey answers are
directly filled in the application and then
sent via the internet to the host computer.
The Survey Portal application on the host
computer will allow us to view survey
results collectively.
The use of smartphones makes the survey faster and enjoyable.
Filling out the questionnaire, taking photos, and taking coordinates of
the septic tank location can be done with one device. Immediately
we can see the data in real-time, get a map overview of the
situation of the area and the conditions of the septic tank on one
smartphone.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging34
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If the data has entered the statistic program in the computer, it can be analyzed to come to more
actionable conclusions. For example, ‘the percentage of septic tanks in government buildings that have
not been desludged in the last three years’ and ‘the percentage of septic tanks with impermeable
walls’.
In a flash, we can get the information needed to plan scheduled
desludging operations, namely the number and distribution of buildings
using septic tanks. The recording of the coordinates of the septic tank in
the smartphone application allows us to find out the distribution of septic
tanks in a city.
This smartphone app can also help us to monitor the progress of the
survey implementation of each enumerator. If needed, the results of this
application can be connected to the Management Information System
(MIS) application that is used by scheduled desludging service provider.
This integration is expected to simplify the process of receiving and
managing scheduled desludging targets.
Census of scheduled desludging potential customers in the city of Solo
The census for a scheduled desludging scheme is conducted for all water supply customers of the
city of Solo who are not connected to the sewerage system. Around 48 thousand water supply
customers were surveyed and the data that were successfully analyzed reached more than 41
thousand customers. The census was conducted at the end of 2014 and it took approximately
6 months to complete. Eighty enumerators were involved, half of whom were water supply
meter readers.
Step 5: Assess targets 35
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The most important information
generated from the census is the
percentage of buildings that use
septic tanks, both in total and only
for those considered viable
for desludging. That number will be
the basis for estimating service
coverage at the beginning of
scheduled desludging operation. The
census results show that nearly 35
500 customers (86%) have septic
tanks. Further analysis concluded that
around 26 400 customers (64%) are
viable for desludging. This information
will be more easily understood if it is
presented in a pie diagram.
Before the census started, all enumerators took
part in a training to understand the objectives,
coverage, and procedures of the census. Topics in
the training included (1) specification of septic
tanks, (2) interview and observation techniques,
(3) the use of questionnaires and (4) taking
coordinates with GPS, specifically for the head of
the enumerator group. During the census, the
head of the enumerator group periodically
cross-checks the 5% of all respondents who have
been previously entered in the census.
The survey also produced information to determine the
function of the building, the condition and location of the septic
tank, the volume of the septic tank and the coordinates of the
location of the septic tank. It was concluded at the end that 66%
of the septic tanks in the city of Surakarta had a volume above 3
meters. The results of the survey of prospective customers
conclude with a workshop to discuss the results of the survey
with various stakeholders in the city of Surakarta.
without sepc tank
14.14%
Preparing Scheduled Desludging36
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5.5 USE FOR OTHER PURPOSES
The survey provides an opportunity to convey various information to prospective scheduled desludging
customers, for example information about sanitation conditions in the area, proper septic tank
specifications, scheduled desludging plans and others. Take advantage of this opportunity. Provide the
enumerator with the information you want to convey. Create leaflets to help convey the information
(Figure 5.4).
Take advantage of the survey data later as data for the scheduled desludging operation database. We
already have information regarding the building and septic tank. Also use these data to develop
scheduled desludging promotion strategies in the future. The government can also use these data to
develop a septic tank control program or a program to subsidize the community in repairing or procuring
septic tanks.
Figure 5.4 Enumerators can carry out more than just collecting data from homeowners. They can also play a
role in increasing the homeowner’s knowledge of the correct use of septic tanks. The opportunity to meet
directly with the owner or occupant of the house is a rare opportunity. Make the most of the opportunity.
Step 5: Assess targets 37
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Step 6
Design operations
By now, the team has actual information about the number of septic tanks in the city and the buildings that
use them. The team also knows the capacity of the existing septage treatment plant which often becomes the
limiting factor of a scheduled desludging operation. With all the information available, the team can
develop the design of scheduled desludging operation in the city. Not only for the initial stage of
operation, but also for the later stages. A combination of various modes of desludging and septage
transportation can be considered in the design for service efficiency.
6.1 CLASSIFY TARGETS
Scheduled desludging targets are classified according to the type of buildings that use the septic tanks, for
example residential households, government or public offices, commercial buildings and social buildings
(see Figure 6.1). Classification of scheduled desludging targets can also follow the classification of
customers that already applies to other services. If the scheduled desludging is managed by the same
institution that manages water supply, the classification of the scheduled desludging targets can follow
the existing water supply customer classification.
Some cities have communal wastewater services that use shared septic tanks or other types of anaerobic
treatment units that also require a regular septage desludging (see Figure 6.2). A separate customer
categorization is often needed for group of buildings with such communa l service. The registered target
might be the community group that manage the service.
Classification of the targets is necessary to differentiate the services provided to each group and the
service charge. For example, differentiation of desludging periods, maximum desludging volumes and
customer rates. If there will be no distinction, no target classification is needed.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0039
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6.2 DIVIDE SERVICE ZONES
The division of service zones will make it easier for the service provider to manage their targets and to reduce
the movement of their desludging fleet. Service zones can be divided as follows:
• Administrative area: where the boundaries of a service zone follow the boundaries of one subdistrict
or several adjacent villages.
• Existing service zones: for example, following water supply service zones in cities that will appoint
the water supply service provider as scheduled desludging service provider.
• Distance radius to septage treatment plant: where a service zone is formed from areas within a 5 km
radius of the septage treatment plant.
It is important to remember that service zoning is only needed if scheduled desludging scheme has either a
very large area, a large number of customers or more than one septage treatment plant.
6.3 CONFIRM DESLUDGING PERIOD
Theoretically, the scheduled desludging period can be determined if we know (a) the average volume of
septic tanks in the city, (b) the annual amount of sludge generation per person, and (c) the average
number of residents of a building. In practice, it is impossible to get a correct number of desludging
period due to the high variations of septic tank volume and number of residents. A desludging period of
2–5 years is common practice in cities throughout the world. Indonesian septic tank standard requires the
residenals commercial
buildings
public
offices
social
buildings
Figure 6.1 The targets of scheduled desludging can be classified according to the use and function of the
buildings. The classification can further be specified according to the size of the building and the location of
the building. It can also be specified according to the condition of the area where the building is located, for
example the width of the road and the status of the area.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging40
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sludge compartment of a septic tank to be designed for a 3-year holding capacity (see Figure 6.3).
Accordingly, many Indonesian cities plan to use the mandatory desludging period of 3 years.
The desludging period affects the volume of septage to be treated. The longer the desludging period, the
less the daily amount of septage to be treated. The same effect also for the number of the desludging trucks
required. The longer the desludging period, the less the number of desludging units needed. It is also
possible that each building classification will have a different desludging period. For example, 3 years
for households, 2 years for public offices and 1 year for commercial buildings.
Figure 6.2 Community-based wastewater system uses a treatment unit that also require periodic sludge
removal services. If agreed, they can also be the target of the scheduled desludging service.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
desludging periode: 2 years
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
desludging periode: 3 years
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
desludging periode: 4 years
cycle 1 cycle 2 cycle 3 cycle 4
cycle 1 cycle 2 cycle 3
cycle 1 cycle 2
Figure 6.3 Illustration of scheduled desludging period of 2, 3, and 4 years. The shorter the desludging period,
the higher the desludging frequency is carried out and the more desludging units are needed.
Step 6: Design operations 41
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6.4 SPECIFY LEVEL OF SERVICE
It is difficult to ensure periodic desludging services will be available for all buildings in the city since the
initial cycle. The 100% level of service may only be achieved in the third or fourth cycle along with the
readiness of the infrastructure and the service provider. Service level of scheduled desludging must be
determined realistically with thorough considerations on:
• Regulation: If there is no mandatory requirement for periodical desludging, it is difficult for a city to
set high service level.
• Septic tank condition: The fewer the number of viable septic tanks, it is difficult for a city to set high
service level.
• Septage treatment: The capacity of septage treatment plant might be the determining factor of the
city in setting the level of service, especially in the initial cycle.
• Wastewater development policy: If available, we need to refer to the existing and future coverage of
sewerage system in the city before we can set the service level of scheduled desludging.
• Capacity of service provider: The higher the service level, the higher the demand for the service
provider capacity. Not only concerning the staffing but also the availability of management system
and facilities.
• Financial goals: Scheduled desludging can be planned for cost recovery but also can be planned for
being subsidized. Level of service must provide revenues and expenses that are consistent with the
financial plan.
The planned level of service determines the scale of scheduled desludging operation. The higher the service
level plans, the higher the frequency of the desludging and transportation operation. The financial aspects of
scheduled desludging follow the same pattern; the higher the level of service will be, the greater the financial
transaction within the scheduled desludging scheme. In short, there are technical and financial imp lications
to be considered when determining the level of service of the future scheduled desludging operation.
Determination of service levels often requires iteration to ensure a service level target does not exceed
septage treatment capacity or other constraints.
The team can plan the level of service for each building classification. Distinguishing the service level
might be necessary, especially at the beginning of scheduled desludging implementation. When
households are not considered ready, it is better for a municipality to prioritize scheduled desludging for
public offices or other buildings (see the following table). Thus, the level of service for public buildings
will be higher than for other building classification. In the next cycles, service level for households and
commercial buildings will be increased.
Service targets for each customer classification
Classification of
Buildings
Targeted Level of Service (% buildings)
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3
Households 10 60 90
Public buildings 80 85 90
Commercial
buildings
10 80 90
Social buildings 0 60 90
Preparing Scheduled Desludging42
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6.5 DETERMINE MODES OF OPERATION
6.5.1 Three desludging modes
There are three modes of desludging that can be applied in a scheduled desludging scheme (see Figure 6.4):
(a) overall desludging, (b) proportional desludging and (c) fixed volume desludging. The selection of a
desludging mode will affect the number of trucks needed and the number of transportation trips to the
septage treatment plant.
• In an overall desludging mode, the service provider will remove all septage from the septic tank.
This desludging mode will allow the septic tank to regain its maximum storage volume until the
next desludging event. Given the high variation of septic tank volume, it is difficult for the service
provider to make the trucks work efficiently.
• In a proportional desludging mode, the service provider will remove septage with a fixed
volumetric proportion of the septic tank. For example, with a 60% proportional desludging, the
desludging truck will extract 1.2 m
3
of septage from the 2 m
3
septic tank or remove 1.8 m
3
of
septage from a 3 m
3
septic tank. Technically, the proportional desludging mode has the best basis
for consideration. However, the application of this mode will face the same inefficiencies as the
overall desludging mode. In addition, it is difficult for desludging worker to ensure that the
septage has been removed in proportion to the volume of the septic tank.
• In afixedvolumemode, the service provider will remove septage with a constant volume from the entire
septic tank. For example, with a fixed desludging of 1.5 m
3
, the desludging truck will remove the same
volume of 1.5 m
3
of septage from the 2 m
3
septic tank or from the 3 m
3
septic tank. The operations of the
desludging fleet can be more efficient with this fixed desludging mode. The disadvantage is this mode
does not return the volume of the septic tank to its maximum holding capacity.
1,5 m
3
1,5 m
3
1,5 m
3
2 m
3
3 m
3
6 m
3
2 m
3
3 m
3
2 m
3
3 m
3
6 m
3
6 m
3
1,2 m
3
1,8 m
3
2 m
3
3 m
3
3,6 m
3
6 m
3
overall desludging
proporonal desludging
(example 60%)
fixed volume desludging
Figure 6.4 There are at least three desludging modes that can be selected for scheduled desludging scheme.
Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the initial stages, it helps to use the simplest mode, that is,
the fixed volume mode.
Step 6: Design operations 43
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Use information of the average septic tank volume obtained from the survey, before selecting the
proportional volume mode or the fixed volume mode. The technical and financial risks of each selection
can be minimized by choosing the proper tank dimension of the desludging truck. Please be aware that
the households need to be informed of the reason a particular desludging mode is selected.
6.5.2 Two transportation modes
There are two transportation modes that a city can apply to bring the septage to the specified treatment
facility (see Figure 6.5): (a) direct transportation and (b) collective transportation. The selection of
transportation mode will affect the number of desludging trucks needed and the number of trips required
to transport the septage to treatment facility.
The direct transportation mode is applied if we want to transport the septage by the desludging unit that
just previously carried out a septic tank desludging operation. This transportation mode is suitable for
service zones that are close to the septage treatment facility. For service areas that are far from the
treatment facility, for example those over 20 kilometers away, the application of the collective
transportation mode is worth considering. Desludging units will collect septage in a transfer station, or
temporary sludge storage (TSS), before a large sludge truck brings the septage to the treatment facility.
A mobile transfer station has the advantage that it can be used in several locations while a fixed mobile
transfer station ensures better reliability. The application of the collective transportation mode will
reduce the number of fleets moving towards the septage treatment facility. Traffic density at STP is
automatically reduced.
Septage can also be transported to septage treatment facility through the available sewer pipelines.
However, this practice is allowed only if there is a special solid−liquid separation unit in the septage
receiving point. The unit will reduce significantly the solid content in the septage before it enters the
piping syst em. This mode is certainly only applicable in cities with sewerage systems that still have
idle capacity.
6.5.3 Three scheduling algorithms
Scheduled desludging requires algorithms to determine the order in which septic tank desludging is carried
out over a specified time span. This algorithm will later help the service provider to determine which
buildings the desludging will be conducted at on an operation day. Some scheduling algorithms are:
Figure 6.5 Scheduled desludging scheme can apply direct and/or collective transportation modes. The
selection of the mode is influenced by the distance to septage treatment plant, number of trucks available
and the road accessibility.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging44
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• By area: Desludging is carried out for all septic tanks in one area before moving to another area. The
determination of the work area should follow the division of territory in a city as well as take into
account the division of service zone.
• By building classification: Desludging is carried out for all septic tanks in buildings belonging to a
particular classification before continuing to another classification. For example, septic tank
desludging is scheduled for public buildings in semester 1, commercial buildings in semester 2,
households in semesters 3 and 4.
• By distance: Desludging is carried out for all septic tanks located within a certain distance (radius)
from the septage treatment plant before moving to the next radius. For example, septic tank
desludging is scheduled for buildings within the radius of 0–3 km in semester 1, radius of 3–4km
in semester 2, then radius 4–5 km in semester 3.
The service provider can combine these two or three modes to create more efficient scheduling operation
that are within their capabilities. For example, combining area-based scheduling mode with building
classification scheduling mode.
Figure 6.6 Scheduled desludging simulation needs to use the help of spreadsheet software such as Microsoft
Excel since the calculations performed can be very large and complex.
Step 6: Design operations 45
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maximum number of buildings to desludge
rao of building
residents / users
rao of building
classificaon
number of
households
number of
public buildings
number of
commercial buildings
number of
social buildings
populaon
level of
sepc tank usage
proporon of
viable sepc tank
working days desludging periode
number of buildings to desludge per day
volume of
desludged septage
tank volume of
desludging truck
calculaon point
mulplicaon
division
result
LEGENDS
level of service
level of compliance
maximum number
of trips per day
number of required transportaon trips
daily volumetric load of septage
per building
classificaon
number of desludging trucks
Figure 6.7 Simulation flow diagram for scheduled desludging operation. Calculations are made for each
building classification that might have its own targeted service level. The calculations in the simulation
actually are similar to simple calculations in the making of the initial scheduled desludging concept. The
difference is that operating simulations use more diverse operating modes and more actual technical
parameter values.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging46
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6.6 SIMULATE OPERATION
The scheduled desludging operation should be simulated to estimate the desludging and tra nsportation
workload in accordance with the targeted level of service for an operating cycle. The simulation will also
determine the requirements of desludging units (trucks or pick-up) and septage treatment facilities. There
are several operating parameters with known values before we can simulate the operation, namely (a) the
ratio of building residents, (b) proportion of building types, (c) proportion of septic tank usage, and (d)
average volume of septic tanks. We can use the number of buildings to serve from the results of the
survey or census. As for the next cycles, the number of buildings to serve must factor in the population
growth and the change of service levels.
After determining the simulation time span, for example 2020–2030 or cycles 1–4, project th e number of
buildings for each operation cycle. Next, just follow these steps (see Figures 7.6 and 7.7):
• Calculate the maximum number of buildings to desludge (those using viable septic tank) for each
classification with this general formula:
Maximum number of buildings to desludge = (number of buildings)
× (proportion of septic tank usage)
× (proportion of viable septic tank)
• Calculate the number of buildings to desludge. Use the targeted level of service with assumed
compliance level with this general formula:
Number of buildings to desludge = (maximum number of buildings to serve)
× (level of service) × (assumed compliance level)
• Calculate the number of buildings to desludge in one day. Use the number of working days per year
and the confirmed desludging period in this general formula:
Number of buildings to desludge per day = (number of buildings to desludge)/
[(desludging period) × (working days in a year)]
• Calculate the volume of septage (which later required treatment). Use the number of buildings to
desludge per day and the average volume of desludged septage in this formula:
Daily septage load = (number of buildings to desludge per day)
× (desludging volume)
• Calculate the number of transportation trips to the septage treatment plant. Use the daily septage load
and the volume of desludging truck tank in this formula:
Number of required transportation trips = (daily septage load)/(tank volume of desludging truck)
• Calculate the numbe r of desludging trucks required. Use the number of septage transportation trips
and the maximum number of trips per day in this formula:
Number of desludging trucks = (Number of required transportation trips)/
(Maximum number of trips per day)
Annex H contains an example of a series of spreadsheets made to plan the operation.
Step 6: Design operations 47
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Step 7
Improve institutions
Scheduled desludging requires an institution with technical and managerial capacity to deliver the service.
An existing institution should be considered to be appointed as the main service provider besides the existing
water utility. The organizational structure should match the needs of the scheduled desludging operation, as
well as the amount and competence of the personnel. There needs to be an institution with the role to
regulate the scheduled desludging operation.
7.1 ASSIGNING EXISTING INSTITUTION
Since scheduled desludging is to be required by law, it is likely there will be a large number of septic tanks to
be served in the city. Medium to large cities in Indonesia, such as Solo, Balikpapan, Medan, Bandung,
Surabaya, and Makassar, require their scheduled desludging service to cover hundreds of thousands or
even millions of septic tanks. Correspondingly, a scheduled desludging service must be managed by an
institution that has the capacity and experience to serve a large number of customers. Not only to do the
desludging operation in thousands of buildings, but just as important is to manage the service billing.
Most cities have an institution that provides on-demand desludging service or operation of the septage
treatment plant. There are also cities with an institution to provide wastewater service using a sewerage
system. As long as the institution has the capacity and experience to serve thousands of buildings, it can
be considered for appointment as the main service provider for the scheduled desludging scheme. The
main service provider is the one with authority to coordinate other services providers, particularly those
from private sectors (see Step 9: Involve partners). By appointing an existing institution, the operation
of scheduled desludging can share the available resources and facilities. Municipalities no longer need to
provide additional resources and facilities as much as those for new institutions. However, the capacity
of the existing wastewater institution can be the limiting factor to the level of service. This may cause
the scheduled desludging operation to be implemented gradually. In the first years, scheduled desludging
will only target a few buildings while the capacity of the service provider is strengthened.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0049
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7.2 CONSIDER WATER UTILITY
The only municipal institution with capacity to serve tens of thousands of buildings may be the water utility.
As an institution that has been around for years or even decades, the water utility may have offices,
administration, financial systems, staff and facilities to support a scheduled desludging operation (see
Figure 7.1). By appointing the water utility, the scheduled desludging scheme can piggyback on the
existing billing system; it can be combined or merged with the water bill. In this case, a building would
only receive one monthly bill to cover tariffs or fees for water and scheduled desludging services.
Building owners will inevitably pay for scheduled desludging service if they want to maintain their
subscription to water service.
Not all water utilities can effectively manage a scheduled desludging operation. If the utility has less than
50% water service coverage, it is likely to be limited in access and capacity to incorporate the scheduled
desludging scheme. Likewise, if the utility has more than 60% water service coverage, it should be
considered.
Assigning the scheduled desludging to a wastewater utility in the city of
Makassar (Indonesia)
The City of Makassar (South Sulawesi,
Indonesia) launched a scheduled desludging
scheme in August 2013. The scheduled
desludging operation is assigned by the city
government to an existing institution, the
Technical Implementation Unit of the
Wastewater Management Office (UPTD PAL, or
Unit Pelaksana Teknis Dinas – Pengelolaan
Air Limbah). UPTD PAL, with a total of 22
personnel, is led by a head who oversees four
divisions which are responsible respectively
for sewerage system, septage treatment,
community-based system, and monitoring. The
scheduled desludging operation is put under
the septage treatment section.
The UPTD PAL was involved in the planning and preparation of the scheduled desludging scheme
since it was introduced in Makassar in 2012 by IUWASH program. Their role included preparing a
scheduled desludging concept and advocating it to the city government and other city leaders. In
August 2013, UPTD PAL conducted a survey to 300 selected households. Almost all UPTD PAL staff
were involved in the preparation processes to inform households, define service areas, conduct the
surveys, designing operations, develop database with Geographic Information System (GIS) data.
On the other hand, IUWASH program provided technical assistance to prepare SOPs, tariff
modeling, improve customer database, and prepare the business plan.
Considering its capacity, UPTD PAL proposed to initiate the scheduled desludging operation only
targeting 300 households in a housing estate. Besides conducting the desludging operation, UPTD
PAL is responsible for collecting scheduled desludging service fees. They plan to add additional
fleets, facilities and staff to support their future operation.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging50
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The weaknesses of a water utility in managing scheduled desludging are:
• A water utility may prioritize their resources for their main and original assignment − the water
supply service.
• A water utility may not have the capacity to conduct scheduled desludging operations.
• A water utility by regulation may be prevented from managing and delivering other services.
If a water utility and other existing institutions are considered not ready to manage the scheduled
desludging operation, a new institution can be formed. More energy and time are needed, but there are
several advantages to establishing a new institution. With new institutions, the organization can be
designed in a way that is suitable to a scheduled desludging operation; The organization is not limited to
methods that are already owned or standardized in an existing institution. The formation of a new
institution will also create momentum for improving sanitation services more thoroughly. In addition to
desludging services, a new institution should also be assigned to operate septage treatment and a
sewerage system, if applicable. Such a multi-service institution offers more effective coordination
between onsite and offsite systems. Utilization of resources will be more efficient and effective.
Assigning a scheduled desludging operation to either a water utility or wastewater utility will have
advantages and disadvantages. Unlike a water utility that can combine scheduled desludging bill with
water service bill, a wastewater utility does not have enough power to force building owners to pay a
scheduled desludging bill on time. On the other hand, the water utility does not necessarily have
sufficient technical capacity to carry out the desludging operation. Therefore, collaboration of these
utilities may offer a more effective and efficient scheduled desludging operation. For instance, the
wastewater utility may conduct the technical operation while the water utility provides supports for
customer and billing management.
Figure 7.1 Many water utilities already use a management information system (MIS) where data of the
subscribers are stored. Some MIS are integrated with geographic information systems (GIS) that show the
spatial locations of the buildings. The scheduled desludging operation can benefit from the existing MIS
and GIS.
Step 7: Improve institutions 51
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7.3 SEPARATE FUNCTION TO REGULATE
The achievement of goals and sustainability of scheduled desludging scheme is not only determined by the
service provider. It is important in a good scheduled desludging or any wastewater institutional setup that the
service provider is supported by other institutions with roles to:
• determine implementation policies,
• control the use of septic tanks,
• set target of scheduled desludging service coverage,
• enforce the obligation to desludge septic tanks and
• supervise the operational performance.
It is possible that one institution will carry out more than one task. For example, the agency of public works
is given the roles to control the use of septic tanks and to supervise the performance of scheduled
desludging operation.
The service provider must not carry out any of the roles above. A separate institution must be appointed to
determine the policies or supervise scheduled desludging operational performance. By separating roles of
regulator and service provider, conflicts of interest will be prevented. This principle must be maintained
in the proposed scheduled desludging institutional framework.
Tasks within a service provider of scheduled desludging.
Tasks Tasks
General Finance
1. General administrative 1. Budget and expenditure planning
2. Secretarial duties 2. Bookkeeping
3. Procuring equipment and materials 3. Billing management
4. Office management 4. Receiving payments
5. Controlling assets 5. Cost verification
6. Managing work partners 6. Payment or gratuity assignment
7. Public relations 7. Financial supervision and audit
8. Legal affairs 8. Evaluating financial performance
9. Staffing
Customer Technical
1. Marketing & promotions 1. Scheduling operation
2. Customer acceptance 2. MIS operationalization
3. Customer verification & mapping 3. Carrying out operations
4. Managing customer data 4. Monitoring operations
5. Customer relations 5. Fleet maintenance
6. Handling complaints 6. Controlling environmental impacts
7. Enforcement 7. Occupational health and safety
Preparing Scheduled Desludging52
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7.4 THE TASKS DEFINE THE STRUCTURE
The organizational structure of a scheduled desludging service provider must be arranged to fit the tasks.
Not only technical tasks, but also administrative, customer and financial management tasks (see the
following table). A wastewater utility that offers a scheduled desludging service will have a different
organizational structure from a utility that offers several wastewater services. The organizational
structure also differs between utilities with large and small operations, or between utilities with authority
to manage finances and not. In the end, all the necessary tasks should be included in the organizational
departments or units of a service provider.
The number of staff in a scheduled desludging service provider will be adjusted according to the scale of
the operation. Not always directly proportional, but generally the more the number of targeted buildings and
the wider the service area, the greater the number of staff is required.
Step 7: Improve institutions 53
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Step 8
Set regulations
The goal is for the septage to be pumped regularly from every septic tank. Only a designated and licensed
service provider can perform the scheduled desludging operation. All buildings that receive periodic
desludging must pay the tariff set by the municipality. Treatment of the septage must be conducted until
the effluent meets a specified environmental standard. All of the above will only happen if there are
regulations. Promotion and compliance strategies must be prepared for the regulations.
8.1 MUST BE MANDATORY
Scheduled desludging is a mandatory act. Regardless of how empty or full its content, a septic tank must be
desludged periodically at the specified time. This mandatory requirement is the essence of scheduled
desludging which distinguishes it from the regular desludging service that households and building
owners take for practical and economic reasons. Enforceable regulation is needed in a city before they
can initiate a scheduled desludging scheme in the area. The regulation al so needs to mention that the
scheduled desludging operation will be carried out only by a designated service provider appointed by
the municipality.
A city however should not make regulation specifically only for scheduled desludging. It is
recommended that all scheduled desludging provisions should be parts of a more comprehensive
regulation on septage or fecal sludge management. In other parts, the regulation should contain
provisions related to septic tanks, septage transportation, septage treatment, and reuse of treated sludge
(Figure 8.1).
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0055
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8.2 MANY THINGS TO COVER
The septage management regulation must contain a number of provisions which either directly or indirectly
support the development and operation sustainability of scheduled desludging in the city (see Figure 8.2).
These provisions include (a) prerequisites of a good septic tank, (b) institutional setup of septage
management, (c) private sector partnerships in septage management, (d) implementation of on-demand
desludging service, (e) billing and payment mechanism, (f) septage treatment effluent quality standard
and (g) treated sludge quality standard. See Annex C for the example of a regulation on septage
management.
The regulatory framework for septage management must also contain provisions regarding the
determination of desludging tariff, both for scheduled and on-demand desludging. To anticipate frequent
tariff changes, cities must make specific regulation regarding scheduled desludg ing tariffs. The same
applies to the level of septage treatment. As such, any changes in scheduled desludging and septage
treatment tariffs will not require that the whole regulation on septage management be changed.
8.3 REGULATIONS ARE HIERARCHICAL
Provisions for domestic wastewater and septage management must be placed in a series of hierarchical
regulations (see Figure 8.3). The definition, obligations and guidance relating to septage management
should be placed in the regulation of a mayor or district head or governor. Changes to the provisions of
the regulations at this level do not require parliamentary approval. It will be easy and quick for the
municipality to adjust the septage management provisions in the future. As shown in the previous
Figure 8.1 The Mayor Regulation of Surakarta No. 16A of 2014 on Septage Management clearly puts
periodical desludging as a mandatory measure for every septic tank user. It requires each septic tank to be
desludged every 3 years. The regulation also contains provisions on institutional, technical, and financial
aspects.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging56
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IPLT
jamban komunal
desludging
2
useofsepctank
1
septage
transportaon
3
septage
treatment
4
reuse of treated sludge
5
PRIVATE SECTOR
PARTICIPATION
INSTITUTIONS
BUDGETING
CUSTOMER
REGULATING
SUPERVISION
Figure 8.2 The regulation on septage management must cover the issues shown above. Obligation to
regularly desludge each septic tank should be included in the regulation to allow a scheduled desludging
scheme to be implemented in a city.
provisions on
septage management
provisions on
domesc wastewater
management
provisions on
scheduled desludging
local act
mayor regulaon
Figure 8.3 Regulation of septage management should be part of the more comprehensive domestic
wastewater management provisions. Hierarchically, the provisions for wastewater management should
have a higher regulatory status while the provisions for the septage management are placed in the city
government’s regulation.
Step 8: Set regulations 57
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diagram, regulations at this level need to include provisions relating to institutional roles, private
partnerships and payment mechanism for tariffs.
The principles and general provisions should be included in a regulation at the level of local act or local
law, that is, the scope of wastewater management, types of services, role of local government,
responsibilities of each party, etc. In the local act, the municipality is ordered to provide domestic
wastewater management services while households are instructed to manage the wastewater they
generate. Local act should contain various legal consequences of violating the provisions, that is,
warning, fines and confinement.
As mentioned earlier, we should make provisions regarding tariff rates or septage service accounts in a
separate regulation with a lower hierarchy. This needs to be done to anticipate adjustments of tariff in the
future. It is very practical if the provisions on tariff are contained in the regulation at the level of the
decision letter of the director of the scheduled desludging service provider. This is certainly possible if
the city government or regent regulation states that the authority to determine the tariff is transferred to
the director of the service provider.
8.4 FOSTER COMPLIANCE
Domestic wastewater management regulations in several countries include various types of legal
consequences that can be imposed to those who violate the provisions. That includes written warning,
rehabilitation order, fines, penalties and imprisonment. However, the city still needs a strategy to prevent
households and building owners from violating provisions of domestic wastewater management; this is
particularly to ensure households and building owners use proper septic tanks and maintain their
performance by conducting regular desludging, or to connect to sewerage system.
Compliance strategy of a city might include:
• First, the municipality must inform the public about the obligation to manage their wastewater.
Houses and buildings can use septic tanks as long as they conform with specificati on standard and
periodic desludging requirement.
• Second, the municipality must ensure that the construction permit or building renovation permit are
only granted after the proponent can present a proper plan of the septic tank construction.
• Third, the municipality needs to establish a septic tank registration and control system where each
septic ta nk will have a certificate of conformance.
• Fourth, the municipality needs to conduct a regular septic tank inspection program to ensure that each
septic tank is still in a good condition and has fulfilled its obligation of scheduled desludging
(Figure 8.4).
• Fifth, the municipality needs to link the ownership of certificate of conformance of the septic tank
with the payment of property taxes or with the building transaction process.
In addition, municipality should also prepa re a financial or technical assistance program to help
households to build a proper septic tank.
8.5 PROMOTE REGULATIONS
Municipalities often assume the public is aware of and has an understanding of their obligations in managing
their wastewater. The fact is they have never heard of such a regulation. They do not know about the
legal consequences of violating the provisions. To promote the obligations, the municipality needs to
Preparing Scheduled Desludging58
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develop a strong communication strategy which outline all activities and communication means to reach the
main target groups.
A press conference at least should be conducted after a regulation is formalized. In addition, a series of
seminars and public gatherings are made to ensure househol ds are aware of their obligation to conduct
periodical septic tank desludging. Flyers are made to be distributed by the municipality and community
groups to households. More about the promotion is discussed in Step 13: Promote service.
Figure 8.4 The municipality needs to regularly inspect every septic tank in its area, particularly to find out the
condition, the utilization and the last desludging conducted. It is also necessary for the municipality to check on
under-construction septic tanks.
Step 8: Set regulations 59
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Step 9
Involve partners
The main service providers on scheduled desludging do not need to have their own fleet. There will always
be parties ready to partner with the main service provider. They can take part in the work provided there is a
mutually beneficial agreement. The financial and technical capacity of potential partners must be
considered in the selection process. Ensure that the rights and obligations of each party will be clearly
stated in a written cooperation agreement.
9.1 OUTSOURCING BENEFITS ALL
There are several advantages if the main service provider outsources the operations of scheduled desludging
fleets to operating partners. First, the main service provider will be released from the financial burden to
buy desludging units and run a garage and maintenance facility. Second, the main service provider will
also be released from the responsibility for the septage. The operating partner will handle the septage
with care because any environmental pollution during transportation will cost them money and
reputation. All will be provided by the operating partners, either from private sectors or community groups.
Other advantages of outsourcing scheduled desludging operation are:
• Increased responsiveness to operational fluctuations: An increase in the number of buildings to be
served will increase the frequency of the desludg ing operations and the number of fleets. With an
outsourcing scheme, a main service provider may get as many desludging fleets as they need from
a partner. The main service provider does not need to worry about investment costs and the
recruitment of additional crew members.
• Reduced labour liabilities: The private sector partner will be the party that recruits and manages the
desludging fleet crew. All labour liabilities are with the partner, including financial liabilities. The
main service provider can minimize the number of staff, limited to those who carry out managerial
and supervisory functions.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0061
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• Better cash flow: Payment of service fees to private partners can be done regularly, either weekly,
monthly, or bi-monthly. Daily operating costs will be borne in advance by the partner. This will
help the cash flow of the main service provider.
The disadvantage of such outsourcing is the lack of control to how the scheduled desludging operations are
being performed. Outsourcing partners are often motivated by profit rather than job quality. Work can be
completed quickly, but it does not always meet the quality expected. Another disadvantage is the extra
amount of money that must be paid to the partner as their fee. Although outsourcing work is generally
considered cheaper, we must be aware of any potential of unexpected costs. For instance, due to extra
work of fixing the septic tank hole and extra length of desludging hose required to reach a septic tank.
There is also a concern about the improper use of personal data of houseowners by outsourcing partners.
The main service provider should exercise extra caution before passing the data to a partner.
On the other hand, an outsourcing scheme offers several benefits for the operating partner. The main
benefit is the guarantee of more frequent and regular desludging work (Figure 9.1). Accordingly, they
will get a more sustainable income. Bec ause of their direct engagement with the households, the partner
will have greater opportunity to get additional work. For example, septic tank repairs and on-demand
desludging later.
9.2 SELECT A RIGHT PARTNER
The main service provide r must conduct an open selection process to appoint operating partners. Prior to
that, the terms of reference of the work must be established that will be outsourced. There are at least
five steps that need to be taken to select an operating partner (see Figure 9.2).
The selection process should include all the firms and entrepreneurs in the city. Selection criteria must be
informed to all potential firms and entrepreneurs before the selection process which may include (a) being a
legal entity and having a business license, (b) having a desludging unit in accordance with specification
Figure 9.1 A private desludging firm will get benefits from their involvement as scheduled desludging
operating partners. In addition to increased desludging work, the image of the company will also increase.
The scheduled desludging scheme in Surakarta has involved a company called Daffa Jaya which now
becomes one of the best desludging companies in the city.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging62
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standard and (c) having trained crew members. Identifying potential operating partners in a city can be done
in various ways. Start by looking at the operational records of a septage treatment facility. They must have a
record of desludging firms and entrepreneurs who dispose the septage into the facility. Another way is to see
desludging service advertisements which can be found on the side of the road, in newspapers and on the
internet (Figure 9.3).
idenficaon of
potenal partners
pre-qualificaon of
potenal partners
inial selecon of
potenal partner(s)
submission of
technical and financial proposal)
final selecon of
partner(s)
Figure 9.2 The selection of scheduled desludging operating partners begins with the identification of the
potential partners. After selecting several candidates who meet the criteria, potential partners are given an
equal opportunity to submit technical and cost proposals. All proposals must be reviewed in the same way
for comparable results. Scheduled desludging operating partners are then determined openly and fairly.
Figure 9.3 Information on desludging services can be found in various media, especially on the internet.
Some trucks also print the company name and telephone number on the tanks of their desludging trucks.
Step 9: Involve partners 63
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At the prequalification stage, we need to check whether the company has fulfilled the announced
selection criteria. Starting from the status of a legal entity to the competence of its workers. It is also
important to know how long they have been in this business and to know the number and condition of
vacuum units they currently have. Finally, we also need to know their motivation to become partners for
scheduled desludging operations. Only those who meet the selection criteria can continue with the process.
Those who pass the prequalification must be given a fair opportunity to submit technical and financial
proposals. The technical proposal outlines (a) the type and number of desludging trucks to be used, (b)
safety and other supporting equipment and (c) number and qualification of staff to assign. It is also
important that a technical proposal will also outline the operating procedures which will later be applied
as well as safety procedures. On the other hand, the financial proposal should state the service fees and
payment terms proposed by potential partners. Ensure that the procedure for selecting operating partners
is in accordance with formal procurement requirements. If all processes are carried out correctly, the
main service provider will have a legitimate, competent, and affordable operating partner.
9.3 AGREE TO RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
Both parties must sign an agreement on the outsourcing of the desludging fleet. We need to ensure that the
agreement will include (a) the identity of the parties to the agreement, (b) intentions and objectives, (c) scope
of cooperation, (d) technical requirement and specifications, (e) timeline, (f) rights and obligations, (g)
wages or compensation for services and methods of payment. A cooperation agreement usually also
includes other provisions, such as work safety, supervision and control of work, termination of the
agreement, and dispute resolution. The following table lists some of the obligations to be included in the
cooperation agreement between the main service provider and the operating partner. Annex D shows an
example of outsourcing agreement between the main service provider with a private company for
desludging work in the city of Surakarta (Indonesia).
Obligations of the main service provider and operating partners.
Party Responsibilities
Main service
provider
(1) Inform building owners of plans for scheduled desludging.
(2) Provides the task of desludging with certain frequencies.
(3) Ensure that the septage treatment plant is ready to receive and treat septage.
(4) Monitor operation of the partner.
(5) Pay compensation according to the performance of operating partner.
Operating
partner
(1) Uses desludging units and fleet crews according to requirements.
(2) Perform standard operating procedures.
(3) Conduct desludging according to the assignment.
(4) Transport septage to the specified septage treatment plant.
(5) Create and submit task implementation reports to the main service provider.
The main service provider can also require the operating partner to perform other additional tasks, such as
submitting desludging service bills, assessing the condition of septic tanks in the buildings and houses.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging64
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Step 10
Prepare the fleets
Scheduled desludging operation depends mainly on the desludging fleets. Not only on the vehicles, but also
on the crews and operational procedures. Fleet performance determines the level of public satisfaction
with scheduled desludging. The appearance and cleanliness of the desludging vehicles will affect the
public image on the scheduled desludging. The latest tracking technology needs to be used to monitor
the vehicles.
10.1 NO MORE HANDCART
Given the high frequency of desludging and the distance that must be travelled, scheduled desludging
operation needs to use a motorized vehicle equipped with sludge tank and vacuum pump. No handcart
and no manual pumping should be used in a scheduled desludging operation (Figure 10.1).
Several factors must be considered when we choose desludging unit, the factors include (1) width of the
road to be passed, (2) travel distance, (3) traffic conditions, (4) required volume of sludge tank, (5) maximum
gross weight limits of the truck, (6) comfortability and safety, (7) price, (8) ease of maintenance and (9)
availability of spare parts. The implications of desludging vehicle cost on the financial performance of
the scheduled desludging scheme need to be carefully assessed. Most of the scheduled desludging
operation cost are for operation and maintenance of the desludging vehicle.
The choices of motorized vehicles that are worth considering for desludging operations are (1)
three-wheeled motorized carts, (2) pick-up cars and (3) trucks. It is good if the scheduled desludging
operation is equipped with all types of vehicles, given the diversity of road widths and traffic conditions
as well as volume of septic tanks. For buildings in areas with narrow access roads, desludging operations
inevitably need to use motorized carts or pick-up cars (Figure 10.2 ).
Sludge tanks can be manufactured for different volumes. From 0.6 m
3
for motorized carts to 12.0 m
3
for
large trucks. Consider the desludging and transportation mode before we determine the tank size, especially
if the scheduled desludging operation will apply a fixed volume desludging mode (see Step 6: Design
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0065
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operations). If we apply a fixed volume desludging of 1.5 m
3
, a 3-m
3
tank desludging truck will be able to
serve two households before leaving for the septage treatment plant. With a 4.5-m
3
tank, a desludging truck
will be able to serve three households before leaving for the septage treatment plant. In addition, consider
also the road width and weight limits before we determine the size of the tank. The bigger the sludge tank, the
Figure 10.1 A fleet of scheduled desludging consists of three components, namely (1) desludging units, (2)
crew members, and (3) operating procedures. Collective compatibility of the three components will make
scheduled desludging operations run efficiently, effectively, quickly, cleanly, and safely. The good
appearance of these three components will increase public trust toward scheduled desludging service in
the city.
Figure 10.2 The most important parts of a desludging unit are (1) sludge tank, (2) vacuum pump, and (3)
desludging hose. Each unit must also carry safety equipment and first-aid kit box.
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heavier the burden of the road posed by the desludging unit. In full condition, a desludging truck with a 3 m
3
tank volume will weigh around 5 tons (Figure 10.3).
10.2 TWO ARE ENOUGH
Two crew members are needed for every desludging unit. Collectively, these two individuals will carry out
duties to:
(1) Determine the route; in order to obtain the most efficient travel plans according to the desludging
work order.
(2) Ensure the desludging unit readiness; especially regarding truck engine, sludge tank, vacuum
pump, sludge hose, safety equipment, first aid kit, GPS monitoring equipment and work forms.
(3) Drive the desludging unit; from the pool, the house or building where septic tank is used to the
septage treatment plant and back to the pool or move for the next cycle of operation.
(4) Communicate with customers; starting from confirming customer address and willingness to
accept the s ervice, explaining customer’s rights and obligations as well as work procedures to
be performed.
(5) Check septic tank readiness and condition; including making sure septic tank lid is open, measure
the depth of settled sludge, record conditions and take photos of septic tank.
(6) Install sludge hose; to connect the septic tank with the truck’ s sludge tank.
(7) Control vacuum pump operation; ensuring it will work according to the needs and conditions.
(8) Monitor volume of the contents of sludge tank; in order to maintain the accuracy of the amount of
septage that has been pumped out.
(9) Record desludging operation; either in writing or digital recording including identification and
address of customers, duration of desludging and septage volume.
(10) Monitor septage disposal; to ensure that all septage is disposed in the septage treatment plant
according to the standard operating procedures (SOPs) and recorded by the plant operator.
(11) Ensure safety; make sure that safety procedures are applied and safety gears are used.
(12) Check documentation and prepare daily report.
Figure 10.3 Sludge hose is generally made of flexible PVC material with a size of 3 inches or 4 inches. Most
trucks carry 30-m hoses except for special orders for homes that are far from the highway.
Step 10: Prepare the fleets 67
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One crew needs to have the skills and proper license to drive a desludging unit. The other crew member
should have skills in assessing and emptying septic tanks. Other tasks can be divided between the two
crew members. Tasks performed in and around the desludging unit should be given to the driver. For
example, the task of controlling pump operation, keeping record of desludging operation and ensuring
compliance with work safety requirements.
10.3 WORK BY PROCEDURES
The SOP must be adhered to by all scheduled desludging crew members to maintain quality of
service, safety of crew members and homeowners, work efficiency, good documentation,
administrative order and to prevent environmental impacts. An SOP must clearly outline the work
steps that must be carried out by all desludging crew members to meet operating objectives
and performance indicators. The contents of SOP must describe the purpose of the assignment, the
scope and responsibilities, definitions and reference s, work flowcharts, estimated duration and
documentation.
A scheduled desludging operation should follow a set of standard procedures which at least
includes procedures for (a) pre-departure check, (b) septic tank emptying operation and (c)
Figure 10.4 There are many formats of SOPs and each country has its own standard format. However, each
SOP format should be able to describe all required work steps sequentially. Performance indicator of each
step must be stated along with the individual responsible for the step.
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septage disposal operation. The details of each SOP may differ from one service provider to another but
in general the contents will consist of the same set of generic activities (see the following tables)
(Figure 10.4).
Generic steps of SOPs for pre-departure check.
Steps Description
1. Daily briefing The crew members discuss and determine (a) buildings to serve, (b)
vehicles to use and (c) septage treatment plant to go.
2. Customer confirmation The crew member contacts the building owners to confirm (a) the
address and route to the building, (b) there will be a person who would
accompany the fleet and (c) the septic tank lid is open or will be open.
3. Customer septage treatment
plant
The crew member contacts septage treatment plant operator to ensure
that the plant was willing and ready to accept the septage that will be
brought by the desludging truck.
4. Decide route The crew member decides the most efficient and fastest route to reach
the building.
5. Inspect desludging unit The crew member ensures the vehicle and pump are functioning
properly, the fuel is available, sludge tank is not full, and the sludge
hose is set.
6. Check forms and equipment The crew member checks the availability and functioning of
communication equipment, safety gears, assignment sheets and
forms, crew identification card.
Generic steps of SOPs for septic tank emptying.
Steps Description
1. Travel to building The driver takes the desludging unit to the targeted building or house
according to the specified time and route.
2. Vehicle stop The driver stops the desludging unit in a safe place (on a hard and level
surface) which will not interfere with the traffic.
3. Introduction The crew member shows his/her identity card and explains the
purpose of the visit, the rights and obligations of the building owner,
procedures to be taken and expected cooperation from building owner.
4. Use protective equipment The crew member uses personal protective equipment (PPE) which
consists of work clothes, rubber gloves, hats, protective glasses,
rubber boots and mask.
5. Observe the septic tank The crew member checks whether the lid of septic tank is open and
takes record of its condition, in particular regarding the depth of settled
sludge and its hardness.
6. Install hose The crew member places the sludge hose in safe place between the
desludging unit with the septic tank. If needed, the crew member
should move and park the desludging unit in a closer spot.
(Continued)
Step 10: Prepare the fleets 69
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Generic steps of SOPs for septic tank emptying (Continued ).
Steps Description
7. Pump out septage The crew member operates the pump and opens the tank valve so that
the septage flows into the sludge tank until it reaches the desired tank
height.
8. Cleaning The crew member cleans the area and ensures that all desludging
activities do not leave any drops of dirty water and impurities in the
property that may create odors.
9. Tidying The crew member cleans the hose and puts it back to its place in the
desludging unit.
10. Settlement The crew member asks the building owner to sign the desludging duty
sheet and give one copy to the building owner.
Generic steps of SOPs for septage disposal.
Steps Description
1. Trip to the treatment plant The driver takes the desludging unit to septage treatment plant
according to the specified time and predetermined route.
2. Examination of sludge tank The septage treatment plant operator checks the validity and eligibility
of the desludging unit to dispose septage in the plant.
3. Desludging vehicle stop The crew member stops the desludging unit at the designated spot at
the septage treatment plant area.
4. Use protective equipment The crew member uses PPE which consists of work uniform, rubber
gloves, hat or helmet, protective glasses, safety shoes and mask.
5. Install hose The crew member connects the hose from desludging unit to
designated receiving unit in the treatment plant.
6. Drain septage The driver opens the drain valve so that the septage can freely flow out
to the receiving unit until the sludge tank is empty.
7. Cleaning The crew member cleans the area and ensures that their activities do
not leave any drops of dirty water and impurities.
8. Tidying The crew member cleans the hose and puts it back to its place in the
desludging unit.
9. Settlement The crew member asked the septage treatment plant operator to sign
the septage disposal task sheet.
10.4 KNOWING THE RISKS
Septic tanks are dangerous because they accumulate a variety of toxic gases. Methane can be very toxic in
high concentrations while it is explosive in a concentration commonly found in septic tanks. Other gases are
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide in small
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concentrations may cause eye irritation, shortness of breath and unrelenting cough. Exposure to higher
concentrations can be fatal quickly. Other potential hazards are suffocation, collapse of septic tanks and
health risks from bacterial or viral infections. Deaths that involve falling into or accidentally entering a
septic tank occur throughout the world. Septic tank explosions also occur frequently, especially as a
result of careless work in desludging operations.
Crew members must be assured that their desludging work carries a high risk to health and safety. They
also need to be aware that they or their co-workers can experience accidents or health problems due to their
careless work. They must also be aware that residents of the house can become victims of their mistakes in
work. It is strongly recommended to remind the health and safety risks for all crew members during the
daily briefing.
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by desludging crew is a must. Eac h person working
nearby the septic tank must use rubber gloves, protective glasses, safety shoes and masks (see
Figure 10.5). Another prevention is to ensure that the crew will follow the SOP when opening the septic
tank lid, checking septage depth, checking septic tank chamber, mixing septic tank content, pumping
septage out, and closing the lid. Anybody should never be allowed to work alone at a septic tank
because falling into a septic tank or inhaling methane gas can be fatal. They can also fall into the septic
tank when they examine its interior. Annex F provides more information on the safety issues of
scheduled desludging operation (Figure 10.6).
10.5 MONITOR THE OPERATION
Every action of the fleet needs to be monitored. It starts when the desludging unit leaves the garage, goes
to the building, empties the septic tank, disposes septage at the treatment plant until it returns to the garage.
The monitoring encourages fleet crews to work according to standard procedures and daily operational
Figure 10.5 Collaboration between the desludging fleet crew members is needed so that all tasks can be
performed properly. Most importantly, the crew members must have good attitude and skills to
communicate with customers.
Step 10: Prepare the fleets 71
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plans. The fleet will come to the building according to the schedule and dispose septage at the specified
treatment plant.
Monitoring can be done manually, that is, by recording fleet activities at each stop, namely the garage,
the building, the septage treatment plant and even the rest area. Information to be recorded includes
(a) identification, name and address of the place, (b) time of arrival and departure, (c) activities carried
Masker; protect the m outh
and nose from septag e
splashes
Protecve
glasses; keep
the eyes from
septage
splashes
Work uniform; from
waterproof materials to
protect the skin
Safety vest; with sharp
colors to make it visible
Safety helmet; protect
head from collision
Gloves; of rubber material
to protect the skin of the
hands from septage
Safety shoes; from
waterproof and hard
material to protect the f eet
Figure 10.6 PPE that must be used by the crew of the desludging fleet, especially for those who are directly
involved in septic tank emptying operation.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging72
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out at each stop. The crew write down the activity on the operation control card. Before leaving each stop,
the crew must ensure that each operation control card is signed either by the garage officer, building owner
or treatment plant operator. The operation control card is periodically handed over to the supervisor of
scheduled desludging operation.
With current advances in information technology, monitoring of the fleet can also be done digitally (see
photo below). The global positioning system (GPS) tracking system has been used in many transportation
companies. The tracking system can continuously find the location of a vehicle and then display it on a
digital map that can be seen in real time by the supervisor. It provides visibility into the whereabouts of
the fleets which makes the monitoring much more effective. Some GPS tracking systems can even
recommend the optimal route to crew members which will allow them to reach their destination faster.
All tracking data will be stored in a central computer system so as to enable the evaluation of the
performance of each desludging fleet, including the desludging frequency, number of trips and working
time (Figure 10.7).
The monitoring records can also be used to verify the work progress of a desludging fleet. If the main
service provider outsources the desludging work to an operating partner, the data from the monitoring
should be used to verify the claim in the invoice. Payment can only be made if the record data show that
they have desludged septic tank according to the schedule and disposed the septage at specified
treatment plant.
Figure 10.7 The use of digital GPS tracking systems allows the scheduled desludging operation to be
monitored in real-time and continuously. Each building has a barcode to be scanned by a smartphone
carried by a crew member. Internet connection allows the scan results to be sent to the data center. The
crew no longer needs to carry a control card and ask for a signature from the building owner. This system
has been developed by IUWASH for use in scheduled desludging scheme of Surakarta.
Step 10: Prepare the fleets 73
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Step 11
Install management system
A scheduled desludging scheme must use a management information system (MIS) that has the ability to
collect, compile, record, send, and process data of customers, operation and finance in an integrated
manner. MIS will ensure that all registered buildings can receive desludging s ervice according to the
specified schedule. The use of digital information technology enables the service provider to manage
desludging operation for a high number of buildings and in real-time.
11.1 ALL IS CONTROLLED
A scheduled desludging operation consists of dozens of activities carried out by different divisions within
the organization of the service provider (Figure 11.1 ). Some activities may need to be carried out by others,
such as by the operating partners and septage treatment plant managers (see Figure 11.2). Communication
and coordination become critical in the scheduled desludging operation. Each party involved must work
synchronized according to standard procedures and other agreements. The exchange of information
between parties must run smoothly, and all information will be recorded to enable quick and accurate
evaluation and verification of operating performance. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the
scheduled desludging operation should be supported by a management information system (MIS) that
utilizes information and communications technology.
An MIS is used for coordination, control, analysis, and visualizat ion of information in a service provider.
In full, an MIS in a schedu led desludging operation must be able to:
• store and sort data of buildings that use viable septic ta nks,
• compile a list of customers who will get a desludging service in a time period,
• set weekly or monthly operating schedule of desludging,
• assign a desludging fleet according to the specified schedule,
• document desludging operation, septage transportation and septage disposal,
• create and print bills for the customers,
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0075
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Figure 11.1 Scheduled desludging service provider needs to use a MIS based on digital information
technology. An MIS will help service provider to control the desludging, transportation and disposal of
septage to meet the planned target and time.
Figure 11.2 Series of activities and information exchange traffic in a scheduled desludging operation. These
activities involve several parties, both inside and outside the service provider organization.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging76
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• record payment transactions of the bills,
• calculate the amount of compensation to be paid to the desludging operating partners,
• prepare technical and financial performance reports.
An MIS can also be designed to assist a service provider in assessing their own performance and their
operating partner’s performance. For example, assessing the average time required for desludging, the
number of desludging operations over a period of time. A good MIS should have the ability to sort out
information of buildings who are viable and eligible for desludging service according to a set of agreed
criteria. One of these criteria is the obedience of building owners in paying desludging service bills. An
MIS will help the service provider to compile a septic tank desludging plan that mentions the identity of
customers along with the address and desludging schedule. An MIS will also use customer information
in the database to create service bills for each customer.
Annex G briefly describes an MIS that has been developed by IUWASH PLUS program to support
scheduled desludging in several cities.
11.2 RELY ON DATABASE
An MIS of a scheduled desludging operation relies on the database of buildings that use septic tanks. The
customer database must at least contain information of (a) identity of buildings or customer, that is, number,
name, address, telephone number and customer classification and (b) condition of the septic tank, namely
location, accessibility, volume, source of waste and the last desludging year. If it is made consistent with the
questionnaire used for surveying the septic tanks (see Step 5: Assess targets), we can use data collected to
fill the database (Figure 11.3).
The database can be specially designed to have a data structure suitable for a scheduled desludging
operation in a city. Creating a new database of buildings or customers may not be necessary if the
desludging operation will involve an existing institution that already has a database for their customers.
For example, a water utility that already has a database of their water customers. However, before it is
used, we need to carefully study the existing database struct ure to make sure that the record type and
Figure 11.3 The MIS for scheduled desludging operation may consist of a set of modules to specifically
support administrative, technical and financial processes of their operations. The core of an MIS is the
customer database that will underlie other functions.
Step 11: Install management system 77
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field type are compatible with the specific needs of a scheduled desludg ing operation. It is almost certain that
the database of water utility should be improved to include data field for septic tank.
An MIS should also have database of the fleets, both for the desludging units and the crew members. A
database of desludging unit at least needs to contain information of (a) identification and license numbers,
(b) type, brand and year, (c) tank volume, (d) gross weight, (e) operating records, and (f) maintenance
records. A database of crew members might include information of (a) name and birthdate, (b)
identification number, (c) job title, (d) address and contact number, (e) license number, and (f)
operating records.
11.3 CONNECTING THE PARTNERS
The MIS is designed to support information exchange between divisions in service provider organization,
particularly between customer, technical and financial departments. The exchange of information between
these three divisions is necessary for the preparation of the desludging plan. If a service provider does not
want to serve buildings that have not paid the service bill, the finance department must inform the technical
department to prevent desludging service to those buildings. The MIS th en does the work and fleet crews are
informed through their smartphones.
MIS for scheduled desludging in surakarta (indonesia)
The scheduled desludging scheme in the city of Surakarta (Indonesia) is run by the local water utility,
that is, Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Surakarta. They utilize an IT-based Management
Information System (MIS) which consists of three parts, namely (see the diagram):
• The main MIS unit (with website) that is used by the controller at the PDAM.
• The treatment mobile MIS unit to be used by the treatment plant officer to record and report the
frequency and volume of septage disposal.
• The desludging mobile MIS unit to be used by the fleet crew to record and report the desludging and
transportation operations.
Based on customer database,
PDAM makes a list of buildings
to serve. The list is submitted
to the fleet crew via the
desludging mobile system.
When performing desludging
operation, the fleet crew will
scan the customer’s barcode
and send information to the
main MIS unit. Septage
treatment plant officer will
use their mobile MIS unit to
record and send information
on septage disposal to the
main MIS unit. Treatment
plant officer must scan the
barcode in desludging truck.
All information is collected on the server, while the PDAM controller can monitor it through the MIS Web.
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The main MIS unit operated by the PDAM
controller has modules of:
• Fleet data module; to manage the data of
desludging fleets.
• Request module; to manage requests of
buildings on desludging outside the scheduled
scheme.
• Scheduling module: to set the schedule of
septic tank desludging which is based on
service zones, building types or both (see
picture in the right).
• Dashboard; to see the performance of desludging operations, such as locations, desludging monthly
data and graphics on average septage disposal.
• Operation monitoring module; to monitor the position and time of desludging fleet activities.
• Financial reporting module: to see the status of the invoice and the amount that must be paid by
a customer.
• Service billing module; to integrate billing data of desludging service with the water supply billing
system.
The PDAM Surakarta uses an Intel Core i5-4590 desktop computer to accommodate the main
MIS unit. Meanwhile, the fleet crews and septage treatment plant officers use Android-based
smartphones to operate the mobile MIS units. Overall, the MIS of PDAM Surakarta has eight main
application modules and three mobile application modules.
Step 11: Install management system 79
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Step 12
Plan finance
Now it is time to determine the tariff for the scheduled desludging service for households and other targeted
buildings. Financial projections are made to ensure the proposed service tariffs will not create an unhealthy
financial condition of scheduled desludging scheme. The mu nicipality can set the tariff of scheduled
desludging to be billed in monthly instalments by building owners, but there are other payment schemes
to be considered.
12.1 EACH HAS ITS OWN TARIFF
The basic tariff for scheduled desludging is usually presented as the rate imposed on households. Tariffs for
other building classification are usually different. Commercial buildings generally have higher tariffs. They
have larger septic tanks compared to those in households. Obviously, the desludging fleet must spend more
energy and time to pump out and transport septage from those buildings. The use of more resources must be
compensated by the imposition of a higher tariff to commercial buildings and public offices. If we have the
base tariff for a household, we can determine the rate of other building classification by using the ratio of
septic tank volume among different building classifications. The following formula can be used to
determine the tariff:
BTC = BTH ×
(STVC)
(STVH)
in which BTC = basic tariff for commercial buildings, BTH = basic tariff for households, STVC = septic
tank volume in commercial buildings, and STVH = septic tank volume in households.
Information about the average volume of septic tanks for each customer classification can be obtained
from the septic tank survey (see Step 5: Assess the targets). The following table illustrates the results of
the calculation of the basic tariff for each customer classification, assuming we apply the fixed volume
desludging mode.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0081
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Illustration of tariff calculation for each building classification.
Classification Average Septic
Tank Volume (m
3
)
Desludging
Volume (m
3
)
Tariff
(USD/////month)
Households 2 1.5 0.9
Commercial 8 6 3.6
Public office 6 4 2.4
Social 4 3 1.8
There are several things that may influence the determination of actual tariff of the scheduled desludging
service, that is
• building size, which makes large buildings pay higher tariffs than small buildings,
• profit target, which applies in a service provider with status as regional company while those with
status as municipal agency may not need to consider any profit in their tariff calculation,
• cross-subsidy policy, which makes commercial buildings pay higher to cover some of the operational
expenditures in serving poor households or social buildings (Figure 12.1),
• tariff for other wastewater services, the scheduled desludging tariff should not be much different from
the on-demand desludging tariffs to avoid opposition from public or private desludging companies.
Figure 12.1 Commercial buildings are considered to have a higher economic value than households. It is
common for a city to charge commercial buildings with a higher tariff than households, public offices and
social buildings. This principle also applies among households of which luxurious houses are subject to
higher tariff than simple houses. Or houses in elite areas that must pay higher tariff than those in common
areas.
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Finally, the political considerations of city government and legislators will affect the actual tariffs. Many
city leaders do not want to impose the actual tariffs or even the cost-recovery tariffs on wastewater services
on their people for political reasons. The following table shows the tariffs of scheduled desludging service in
the city of Surakarta (Indonesia).
Scheduled desludging tariff in Surakarta (Indonesia).
Classification Tariff
Households Very low income IDR 5000
Low income IDR 8000
Medium income IDR 8500
Luxury IDR 9000
Commercial Small IDR 45 000
Large IDR 70 000
Public
buildings
Government offices IDR 17 500
Social Schools IDR 17 500
Note: 1 USD = IDR 14 000 (in December 2019).
Some cities consider eliminating tariffs for very low-income households. If this is done, the municipality
must compensate it by raising the tariff for other groups. It is important at the end that all the tariffs on
average still have cost recovery.
12.2 MANY PAYMENT OPTIONS
In the previous descriptions, scheduled desludging tariffs are calculated with the assumption that the
payment will be made in monthly instalments (see Step 3: Make the initial concept). It might be
convenient for building owners but paying in monthly installments can create difficulties for the service
provider. Creating and sending monthly bills are troublesome. In addition, there is a high possibility that
under a monthly installment option a service provider will have to pay a portion of the desludging costs
in advance. A monthly installment option is more applicable in a scheduled desludging scheme that is
managed by a water utility. They can combine the scheduled desludging bill with the monthly water bill
that already has a regular delivery system. The following table shows several other options that should
be considered as payment methods for scheduled desludging customers.
Options of scheduled desludging tariff payment.
Factor Payment Options
Time 1. Prepaid Customers begin paying without waiting for services to be obtained
2. Post paid Customers begin paying after obtaining service
(Continued)
Step 12: Plan finance 83
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Options of scheduled desludging tariff payment (Continued).
Factor Payment Options
Method 1. Combined Customers pay scheduled desludging bill that are incorporated in
the bill of other service, such as water supply, electricity, or garbage
services.
2. Single Customers pay scheduled desludging bill, without being combined
with the bill of other service.
Frequency 1. Instalments/
gradual
Customers pay scheduled desludging bill in instalments, either
monthly, quarterly, six-monthly or annually
2. All at once Customers pay scheduled desludging bill at once.
We can apply several payment options in one scheduled desludging system. Payment option for one
customer classification may differ from other classifications. A one-time payment option can be applied
to public offices, considering that the payment will be made by using municipality budget. Installment
payment option that is billed in a joint bill with water supply service is appropriate to be applied for
households. Monthly installments are more appropriate for low-income households. Meanwhile for
middle−upper households, particularly in a single billing method, the payment at once will be more suitable.
Scheduled desludging payment can be made in cash (cash) or non-cash. In addition to regular payment
points of the service provider, cash payments should involve payment agents in the service zones. Non-cash
payment, or e-payment, is a way of making transactions or paying for services through an electronic
medium. Popularity of e-payment systems have improved over the past few decades due to the
increasing spread of internet-based banking and shopping. Non-cash payment avoids direct cash
transactions between fleet crew members and building owners (Figure 12.2).
12.3 AVOID FINANCIAL LOSS
We need to carry out financial projections to ensure the proposed tariff rates will be sufficient to cover all
scheduled desludging operating costs. To the extent possible, these tariffs can even provide substantial
profits for the city and the service provider. We make financial projections based on some values used in
Figure 12.2 Payments through ATMs have been made for various purposes, including payment for electricity
services and drinking water. Its application for scheduled desludging is very possible, especially in big cities.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging84
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the scheduled desludging operation design (see Step 6: Design operations). If the financial projections
show financial loss, then we can change some operating parameters and simulate the operation design
again. Ho wever, it should be noted that profits may not come in the initial implementation years.
Scheduled desludging financial analysis is conducted with a set of assumptions as follows:
• Investment in infrastructure is borne by the government and other parties, so that the service provider
is not charged with capital costs.
• Septic tank desludging operations are fully outsourced to private fleets.
• Tariff are fixed for an operating cycle (@ 3 years).
• Billing efficiency will not reach 100%.
The revenue comes only from desludging bill payments, after considering the level of billing efficiency.
Financial projections are conducted for several scheduled desludging operating cycles. The following
table shows the conclusion of the financial projection.
Financial projection of the scheduled desludging operation in Surakarta (Indonesia).
Item Unit Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3
Operating revenue IDR million/year 7.825 11.508 16.751
Operating expenses IDR million/year 6.772 8.598 10.960
Profit before tax IDR million/year 1.053 2.911 5.791
Note:
• Number of customers Households 61.745 69.149 79.534
• Septage volume to desludge m
3
/ day 129 151 174
• Frequency of desludging Per day 69 79 89
• Desludging truck Unit 12 12 13
• Treatment facilities Unit 3 3 3
Note: 1 USD = IDR 14 000 (in December 2019).
Annex H contains examples of financial calculation spreadsheets.
Step 12: Plan finance 85
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Step 13
Promote service
Scheduled desludging by law must be carried out to all septic tanks. With or without promotion, scheduled
desludging will be demanded by buildings. Nevertheless, the promotion of scheduled desludging is still
important. By knowing its reasons and benefits, the people will better support scheduled desludging. It is
recommended that the scheduled desludging service should have a unique brand and building owners
must know their rights and obligations related to scheduled desludging. Various ways of promotion need
to be applied to reach diverse customer groups.
13.1 PREPARE PROMOTION
In this step, we already know the specification of scheduled desludging service to be provided by the
municipality, who and where the service targets are, and how much the tariffs will be imposed to house
and building owners. In accordance with the four Ps marketing mix principle, the final principle to
implement is the promotion. Although it is a mandatory action, we have to promote the scheduled
desludging service to the owners of buildings that use septic tanks. Six steps may be needed to prepare
the promotion of the service (see Figure 13.1). These generic steps can be modified according to the
conditions and readiness of the municipality or the service provider.
Scheduled desludging is different from the existing on-demand desludging service. Its characteristics are
mandatory, periodic, scheduled, professional, and inexpensive. This is the main characteristic of scheduled
desludging that needs to be informed to the target group.
13.2 UNDERSTAND THE TARGET
The target group(s) of the promotion program is obvious, that is, the owners or residents of buildings that use
septic tanks. If we want to be more specific on the target, we can choose households as the main target. Not
just all types of buildings, but only households. A market research should be conducted to find out the level
of knowledge, attitude, and habits or practices of households, especially in managing their wastewater.
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0087
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Research is also conducted to estimate the response of households to the upcoming scheduled desludging
scheme (see the following table).
Character of the households will determine the messages to be conveyed in the promotion program and
how they are conveyed. Some information about households needs to be obtained and studied before then
concluded as the collective level of knowledge, attitude, and practices related to (a) use of septic tank, (b)
desludging of septic tank, and (c) information exchange. Household surveys may also collect data on the
average age, level of education, religion, and economic conditions of the homeowners. The results of the
research can provide an initial indication of household interests in scheduled desludging service. If it
turns out that the majority of households are not yet intereste d in scheduled desludging service, the
promotion program needs to prepare and deliver information about the existence and benefit of the service.
Information for developing a promotion plan.
Information Use
1 The level of household knowledge on regular
desludging
Determine goals and promotional messages
2 Interest of household utilizing scheduled
desludging service
Determine goals and promotional messages
3 Age and religion of homeowner Determine promotion approaches and
messages
4 Home ownership status Determine promotion approaches and
messages
5 Social activities in residential areas Determine how to promote
6 Information sources Determine how to promote
7 Access to social media Determine how to promote
create
brand
define
messages
prepare
team
implementaon
create
materials
3
5
6
2
confirm product,
price and place
plan
acvies
4
characterize
target
1
Figure 13.1 Six generic steps to prepare promotion of scheduled desludging service in a city.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging88
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If the information is still inadequate, special interviews can be conducted with community leaders in the
target area. Village or community leaders or administrators, teachers, youth group leaders, and religious
leaders can usually provide good information. They recognize the character and habits of the
surrounding households, as well as knowing what efforts have been made to improve awareness on
sanitation in the area.
In addition to households, promotion should also be done for secondary target groups which are expected
to influence the perception of the households. Some examples of secondary target groups are community
leaders, religious leaders, village officials, neighborhood officials, mass media, and representatives of
government agencies.
13.3 GIVE A UNIQUE BRAND
Scheduled desludging service must have a unique identity. The use of relevant and attractive names, logos,
and taglines will make scheduled desludging more recognizable to the public. All scheduled desludging
logos and other identities must remain relevant to the type of service provided and represent the identity
of the city. The goals of the branding will be achieved if the brand name, logo, tagline, and color
continue to be used in all objects and activities used by the scheduled desludging operation (Figure 13.2).
A good brand name should be easy to pronounce, identified and memorized, and may as well give an idea
about product’s qualities and benefits. Avoid using a brand name that use the words of ‘feces’, ‘desludging,’
and ‘wastewater’ directly. Additionally, a logo also should be introduced to help customers recognize the
scheduled desludging service. Logos are easier to remember than brand names because they display
identity visually. For example, it will be easier if we use illustrations of healthy and good environmental
conditions.
To create awareness about scheduled desludging scheme, it is important to apply the brand consistently.
This includes its application in various promotional channels such as advertisements, word of mouth
Figure 13.2 The desludging unit and its crew members are the face of the scheduled desludging scheme. If it
looks modern and clean, people will have more trust in the service. The public will immediately understand that
scheduled desludging provides a different service than the on-demand service.
Step 13: Promote service 89
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publicity, social media involvement, sponsorships, and events. Strong brand awareness can be considered as
a means through which customers become acquainted and accustomed to schedu led suctioning. Brand
guidelines that function to maintain brand consistency are useful for establishing rules for creating a
unified identity when connecting several elements in a brand such as colors, logos, and typography.
To create awareness on scheduled desludging scheme, it is important to apply the brand consistently. It
includes use of various renowned channels of promotion such as advertising, word of mouth publicity, social
media engagement, sponsorship, launching events, etc. Strong brand awareness can be regarded as means
through which costumers become acquainted and familiar with scheduled desludging. Brand application
guidelines will be very useful to maintain consistency in the application of elements of service identity in
various media, such as colors, logos, and typography.
13.4 MESSAGES ACCORDING TO TARGETS
Scheduled desludging promotion must be designed to effectively and efficiently deliver awareness and
knowledge-raising messages related to septage management to households. Packaging information must
be tailored to the characteristics of the households, that is, level of education, perception, economic
status, and preferred communication channels. The households should know its mandatory nature, form
and scope of service, desludging period, differences with on-demand service, service benefits and
processes. The features of the scheduled desludging fleet also need to be informed to the public,
especially their modern, clean and professional look. The messages that need to be conveyed include:
• Reasons for the need of periodic desludging.
• Periodic desludging is required by law.
• All septic tank users must accept and cooperate with scheduled desludging service.
• Rate of service fee and payment procedure.
• Identity of service provider.
• Homeowners rights and obligations.
• Punishment for violating the scheduled desludging provision.
In addition to the messages above, we also need to include a variety of important information to change
people’s perceptions that are less precise about septic tanks and septage. For example, perceptions that
there are no problems with the groundwater quality in their neighbourhood, a true septic tank is a tank
that is never full and does not need to be drained.
13.5 USE ANY POSSIBLE MEANS
As with the promotion of other products, scheduled desludging promotion requires a set of above-the-line
and below-the-line activities. Above-the-line activities such as advertising on radio, television and local
newspapers are needed to introduce and echo the scheduled desludging service to wider communities.
While the below-the-line activity is needed to explain the procedure and encourage the target groups
directly to accept scheduled desludging operation (Figure 13.3).
Promotion activities, both above the line and below the line, which are worthy of being used to promote
scheduled desludging include:
• Installation of banners in strategic locations that are visited or passed by people see (Figure 13.2).
• Installation of posters at public offices and exhibitions.
• Distribution of leaflets at promotional events or sent by post (see Figure 13.4).
• Sticker attachment at motorized vehicles and buildings.
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• Public service announcements on local newspapers, radio, and television.
• Talk shows on radio or television presenting government and service provider officers to discuss the
scheduled desludging with the audiences or listene rs.Village gathering where government and service
provider officers introduce and discuss the scheduled desludging service with representatives of
homeowners.
• Citizen meetings; both at special events and at community gathering events.
Promotion requires more than one type of media. Another media that we should consider using is the
digital media, both social media and instant messaging applications. Digital promotion offers
convenience, speed and flexibility in delivering messages. If there are disadvantages, digital promotion
can only reach households that have internet access and use the same media applications.
Figure 13.3 Promotional activities are generally costly. It would be better to focus on promotional activities
only in designated service areas. For example, through the installation of banners at the village office
where scheduled desludging will begin.
Figure 13.4 Examples of leaflets used by PDAM Surakarta to introduce scheduled desludging to their
customers. Use attractive visual appearance and simple language in the leaflet.
Step 13: Promote service 91
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The packaging of promotional message must be made according to the characteristics of each application.
Packaging messages through photos and videos is more conveniently delivered through Instagram which is
basically a visual platform. Public announcements with long narratives are inappropriate for Instagram. We
better use emails for that. A short narrative (,160 characters) is better to be delivered via Twitter. The
combination of th ese packages can be delivered via Facebook. Instant messenger applications such as
WhatsApp and Line can contain long narratives accompanied by short photos and videos. Service
providers can use the hashtag feature on Twitter and Instagram to attract the attention of more users of
the application.
13.6 INVOLVE OTHER PARTIES
The municipalities need to be involved in scheduled desludging promotion. After all, the schedu led
desludging service is a response to the obligation to periodic desludging by the municipalities. The
participation of government officials will also add credibility to scheduled desludging in the eyes of the
households. Cooperation with other parties should also be considered. We can collaborate with local
mass media to intensify above the line promotion, including cooperation in advertising, advertorial,
coverage, or interactive programs on scheduled desludging topic.
As for below the line activity, we can involve a local partner. They are the ones who know the condition
of the people in the area. They will also be more easily accepted by the community. Examples are
community groups, women groups, builders/small contractors, and desludgers.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging92
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Annexes
(A) Assessment Form of City Strengths for Scheduled Desludging
(B) Questionnaire for Septic Tanks Assessment
(C) Draft of Mayor Regulation on Septage Management
(D) Private Sector Partnership Agreement for Scheduled Desludging
(E) SOP for Septic Tank Desludging
(F) Safety Issues of Scheduled Desludging
(G) MIS for Desludging Service by IUWASH PLUS Program
(H) Spreadsheet for Septag e Desludging Financial Calculation
© 2021 The Authors. This is an Open Access book chapter dis tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY
4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http: // creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/). The chapter is from the book Preparing Scheduled Desludging by Rudy Yuwono, Foort Bustraan, Budi
Darmawan, Endro Adinugroho, Nugroho Andwiwinarno and Ika Fransiska (Authors).
doi: 10.2166/978178 9062281_0093
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ANNEX A
ASSESSMENT FORM OF CITY STRENGTHS FOR SCHEDULED
DESLUDGING
ASSESSMENT FORM
BASIC INFORMATION
1)
Name of city:
___________________________________________________________
2.
Area:
_________________
km
2
/ha
3.
Populaon:
_________________
Persons
4.
Populaon density:
_________________
Persons per km
2
/ha
SANITATION CONDITION
1.
Access to toilet:
_________________
% populaon/household
2.
Use of sepc tank:
_________________
% populaon/household/area
3.
Sewerage system:
Yes, coverage ______ % populaon/household/area
Planned, for coverage ______ % populaon/household/area
None
4.
Desludging service:
Yes, by the municipality / others
None
DESLUDGING
2.
Mandatory
requirement:
Yes, _________________________________________________
None
3.
Operaon mode:
On-call or on-demand basis
Scheduled desludging
4.
Service provider:
Municipal agency, _______________________________________
Private firm, ____________________________________________
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Annex A: Assessment form of city strengths for scheduled desludging 95
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/ha
/
/
/
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Annex A: Assessment form of city strengths for scheduled desludging 97
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ANNEX B
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SEPTIC TANKS ASSESSMENT
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Annex B: Questionnaire for septic tanks assessment 99
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Preparing Scheduled Desludging100
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ANNEX C
DRAFT OF MAYOR REGULATION ON SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT
REGULATION OF THE MAYOR OF SURAKARTA
REGARDING SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT
BY THE GRACE OF GOD ALMIGHTY
MAYOR OF SURAKARTA,
Considering :
a. that in order to protect and improve the condition of sanitation, health and
welfare of the people, it is necessary to carry out septage management;
b. that the septage from onsite unit has not been properly managed, causing
pollution to the surrounding environment;
c. that septage management is a public service, so it is the regional
government’s duty to determine policies;
d. that based on considerations as referred to in letter a, letter b and letter c, it is
necessary to stipulate a Mayor Regulation regarding Scheduled Septage
Management;
In view of :
1. Law No. 16 Year 1950 regarding the Establishment of Big Cities in the
Provinces of East Java, Central Java, West Java and in the Special Region of
Yogyakarta (Statute Book of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1950 No. 45);
2. Law Number 5 Year 1962 regarding Regional Enterprises (State Gazette of
the Republic of Indonesia 1962 Number 10, Supplement to the State Gazette
of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2387);
3. Law Number 32 Year 2004 regarding Regional Government (Statute Book of
the Republic of Indonesia Number 125 Year 2004, Supplement to Statute
Book of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4437) as amended several times,
most recently by Law Number 12 Year 2008 regarding the Second
Amendment to the Law Number 32 Year 2004 regarding Regional
Government (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2008 Number
59, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number
4844);
4. Law Number 32 Year 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and
Management (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2009 Number
140, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number
5059);
Annex C: Draft of mayor regulation on septage management 101
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5. Law Number 12 Year 2011 regarding Formation of Laws and Regulations
(State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2011 Number 82,
Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5234);
6. Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001 regarding Management of
Water Quality and Water Pollution Control (State Gazette of the Republic of
Indonesia Year 2011 Number 153, Supplement to the State Gazette of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 4161);
7. Government Regulation Number 16 Year 2005 regarding Development of
Water Supply System (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2005
Number 33, Supplement to State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia
Number 4490);
8. Regional Regulation of Surakarta Number 3 Year 1999 regarding Wastewater
Management (Surakarta City Regional Gazette Number 17 Year 1999 Series:
D Number: 2);
9. Regional Regulation of Surakarta Number 3 Year 1977 regarding
Establishment of Surakarta Drinking Water Company (Surakarta Municipality
Sheet Number 3 Year 1977 Series: D Number: 2) as amended by the City
Regulation of Surakarta Number 1 Year 2004 regarding Amendment to
Regional Regulation of Surakarta Number 3 Year 1977 regarding
Establishment of Surakarta Drinking Water Company (Surakarta City
Regional Gazette Number 1 Year 2004 Series: E Number: 1);
10. Surakarta City Regional Regulation Number 2 Year 2006 regarding
Environmental Control (Surakarta City Regional Gazette Number 13 Year
2010);
11. Regional Regulation of the City of Surakarta Number 8 Year 2005
regarding Buildings (Municipal Gazette of the City of Surakarta Year 2009
Number 9).
HAS DECIDED:
To Establish : THE REGULATION OF SURAKARTA MAYOR REGARDING SEPTAGE
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
In this Regulation of Surakarta Mayor:
1. Area refers to the city of Surakarta.
2. City Government refers to the Mayor and City Apparatus as an element of the city administration.
3. The Mayor refers to the Mayor of Surakarta City.
4. The Environmental Agency (Badan Lingkungan Hidup), hereinafter abbreviated as BLH, refers to
the Surakarta City Environmental Agency.
5. City Office of Public Works (Dinas Pekerjaan Umum), hereinafter abbreviated as DPU, refers to the
Surakarta City Office of Public Works.
6. City Office of Health (Dinas Kesehatan Kota) hereinafter abbreviated as DKK, refers to the
Surakarta City Office of Health.
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7. City Office of Transportation, Communication and Information (Dinas Perhubungan, Komunikasi
dan Informatika), hereinafter abbreviated as DISHUBKOMINFO, refers to the Surakarta City Office
of Transportation, Communication and Information.
8. City Office of Spatial Planning (Dinas Tata Ruang Kota), hereinafter abbreviated as DTRK, refers to
the Surakarta City Office of Spatial Planning.
9. Regional Drinking Water Company (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum), hereinafter abbreviated as
PDAM, refers to the Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company.
10. The person in charge of the building refers to the building owner or non-building owner based on an
agreement with the building owner, who is responsible for the functioning of the local unit.
11. Domestic wastewater, hereinafter referred to as wastewater, is wastewater generated from
household activities, either graywater or blackwater.
12. Local wastewater treatment unit, hereinafter referred to as local unit, is a watertight tank structure
that is designed and used to collect and/or treat wastewater located onsite, such as septic tanks.
13. Septage refers to a mixture of human excreta, water and solid wastes that are disposed of in onsite
wastewater system.
14. Treated septage refers to biosolid waste resulting from the treatment of domestic sewage in a
treatment facility.
15. Septage management is a comprehensive and integrated systematic effort undertaken by the city
government to manage septage in a treatment facility from collecting, transporting, processing to
utilizing treated septage.
16. Septage desludging refers to the procedure of emptying septic tank by desludging.
17. Mandatory desludging, hereinafter referred as compulsory desludging, is an effort to desludge
septage periodically which is required by the city government for every local unit in its area.
18. Septage collection refers to a controlled effort to transport septage to the treatment facility.
19. Scheduled septage desludging refers a periodic septage desludging service.
20. Building Construction Permit (Izin Mendirikan Bangunan), hereinafter abbreviated as IMB, refers to
a permit granted by the Mayor to the building owner to build new, change, expand, reduce and/or
maintain the building in accordance with applicable administrative and technical requirements.
21. Wastewater Treatment Facility (Instalasi Pengelolaan Air Limbah), hereinafter referred as IPAL, is a
technical building and its equipment used to treat wastewater to meet the specific wastewater
quality standards.
22. Septage Treatment Facility, hereinafter referred to as STP, is a technical building and its equipment
used to treat sludge to meet the specific quality standards for wastewater and processed sludge.
CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLE, GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
Article 2
1. Septage management is carried out with the principles of responsibility, social benefit, justice
and sustainability.
2. Septage management is implemented as part of the urban domestic wastewater
management system.
3. Septage management aims to:
a. Establish a complete, efficient, effective and environmentally friendly urban domestic
wastewater treatment system.
b. Protect the city against environmental pollution and public health diseases.
c. Maintain the minimum quality standards and function of environment –particularly related to
water and soil resources.
Annex C: Draft of mayor regulation on septage management 103
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d. Realize an active community participation in maintaining environmental sanitation.
e. Increase potential sources of local own revenue.
4. The objectives of septage management in this regulation are as follows:
a. Onsite septic tank systems will have to be in compliance with requirements and registered;
b. Desludging of septic tanks must be carried out periodically;
c. Septage transportation must be monitored to avoid environmental pollution;
d. Treatment of septage is carried out at a specific treatment facility;
e. Safe use of treated septage.
CHAPTER 3
SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT
Part One
Onsite Unit Control
Article 3
1. All building is required to have access to safe wastewater management services, either a connection
to urban septage management system or onsite system that in compliance with technical and
administrative requirements.
2. The technical provisions of the onsite unit are as follows:
a. Location:
• Have a safe distance from a shallow ground water;
• Reachable by desludging equipment;
• No permanent structures should be built over the unit;
b. Materials being used should be waterproof, strong and leakproof;
c. Has an inlet, an outlet and a vent pipe;
d. Has a manhole that is equipped with a lid that can be opened;
e. Other technical provisions stipulated by DPU.
3. The administrative provisions of the onsite unit are as follows:
a. Have a building construction permit as applied to either construction of the main building or
specifically onsite unit;
b. Have a legal entity which is responsible for maintaining high functional and performance of
onsite unit;
c. Have a registration number issued by the PDAM.
4. In the next 5 years since this Regulation of Mayor is enacted, all onsite units within the city of
Surakarta must meet technical and administrative requirements.
Part Two
Septage Desludging
Article 4
1. Registered onsite unit must be desludged at least once in every 2–5 years.
2. The local authority responsible for desludging of onsite units is PDAM.
3. The tariff of onsite desludging service shall be determined by the Mayor as calculated and proposed
by PDAM.
4. Mandatory desludging should be carried out by septage trucks or other motorized vehicles that are
subject to the following conditions:
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a. Comply with technical and roadworthiness requirements;
b. Has a vacuum pump, suction hose and other sludge handling equipment;
c. Has a strongly installed tank that is waterproof, rustproof and leakproof;
d. And other requirements determined by DISHUBKOMINFO.
Part Three
Septage Transportation
Article 5
1. Septage is transported to a specific treatment facility.
2. Septage should be safely transported to prevent any form of adverse environmental impacts.
3. Septage transportation must provide a recording system stating information on (a) location and
registration number of desludging, (b) operating officer of desludging, (c) desludging time, (d) volume
of desludging, (e) location of treatment facility and (f) drop-off time.
4. Septage transportation should be carried out by septage trucks or other motorized vehicles that are
subject to the following conditions:
a. Comply with technical and roadworthiness requirements;
b. Has a vacuum pump, suction hose and other sludge handling equipment;
c. Has a strongly installed tank that is waterproof, rustproof and leakproof;
d. And other requirements determined by DISHUBKOMINFO.
Part Four
Septage Treatment
Article 6
1. Treatment of septage is carried out at a specific treatment facility managed by PDAM.
2. Septage must be treated to produce effluents that meet quality standards in accordance with the
provisions of the applicable laws and regulations.
3. BLH is obliged to carry out regular monitoring and evaluation of the septage treatment
facilities performance.
4. The treated septage will be used as fertilizers.
CHAPTER 4
OPERATOR
Article 7
1. PDAM is responsible as septage management operator.
2. PDAM is required to:
a. Develop a plan and procedure for onsite unit registration;
b. Plan and organize scheduled septage desludging services;
c. Develop and run standard operating procedures that include both aspects of technical and
non-technical (customer, operational, and financial);
d. Develop and implement a septage management information system;
e. Plan and implement a control system for septage transportation;
f. Promote septage management;
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g. Implement the occupational safety and health principles for workers at any step of the operation,
from desludging, transporting to treatment of septage;
h. Report to Mayor on the implementation of septage management.
3. PDAM, in providing desludging and/or transportation services, can cooperate with other parties,
including private sectors.
4. Contracted private service providers must fulfill the following requirements: (a) have legal status, (b)
have a business license, (c) have trained personnel, (d) have equipment and fleets in accordance
with technical provisions, (e) other requirements determined by the PDAM.
CHAPTER 5
SUPERVISION
Article 8
1. The implementation of septage management system is under the supervision of the City
Government.
2. Supervision as referred to in Article 8 Sub-article 1 is carried out through regular monitoring and
evaluation at least once in every 6 (six) months.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Article 9
1. The Regulation of Mayor becomes effective on the date of its establishment.
2. For public cognizance, this Regulation of Mayor shall be promulgated by placing it in the Surakarta
City Gazette.
Issued in Surakarta
MAYOR OF SURAKARTA,
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ANNEX D
PRIVATE SECTOR PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT FOR
SCHEDULED DESLUDGING
COOPERATION AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
THE WASTEWATER UTILITY
WITH
COMPANY. __________________,
ON SCHEDULED DESLUDGING SERVICES
Today ______ on (date) ______ (month)_____ (year)________________________________ ( __ /__
/____ ), the undersigned below:
1. OPERATOR … .. hereinafter referred as the First Party.
2. COMPANY …. hereinafter referred as the Second Party.
The First and the Second Party, together hereinafter referred to as "PARTIES" and/or individually
hereinafter referred to as "PARTY".
THE PARTIES hereby first explain:
1. That THE FIRST PARTY is a Regional Company which is responsible for the management of
sludge management in the city of ….. as referred to in the Mayor Regulation number ……
2. That THE FIRST PARTY requires a pioneering process to ensure Scheduled Desludging Services
as a major component of the sludge management system can be better implemented in all areas of the
city of ……
3. That THE FIRST PARTY requires the involvement of the SECOND PARTY as a desludging service
provider that is already operating in the city of …… and is willing to work together to improve the
technical aspects of the operation of Scheduled Desludging Services.
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Based on the foregoing matters, the PARTIES agree to enter into a cooperation agreement in the
implementation of Scheduled Desludging Services at the stage of … in accordance with the following
terms and conditions:
Article 1
General Requirements
1. Septage is a mixture of solids and liquids, including human waste that has accumulated in the local
onsite domestic wastewater unit.
2. Septage management is a comprehensive and integrated systematic effort undertaken by the
regional government to manage the adverse impact of septage by controlling the onsite units,
desludging, transporting, processing and utilizing treated sludge.
3. Local treatment unit, hereinafter referred to as onsite unit, is a watertight tank facility that is
designed and used to accommodate and/or treat wastewater located in one land/location with its
wastewater sources, such as septic tanks and such.
4. Treated sludge is solids which is the result of the processing of sewage sludge at a treatment
plant facility.
5. Desludging is a procedure for excreting sludge from an onsite unit using mechanical equipment.
6. Septage transportation is a controlled effort to transport sludge to the specified treatment plant
facility (Wastewater Treatment Plant).
7. Septage disposal is a procedure for the reduction of septage from its transport vehicle at the
receiving unit in specified treatment plant facility (Wastewater Treatment Plant) in which
location is previously determined and agreed upon.
8. Mandatory desludging, hereina fter referred to as compulsory desludging, is an effort to collect
desludging periodically which is obliged by the city government to every onsite unit in its area.
9. Scheduled Desludging Services are services provided to support the compulsory desludging of
each onsite unit throughout the city area and followed by transporting and disposing sludge at
the treatment plant facility (Wastewater Treatment Plant).
10. The customer of scheduled desludging services, hereinafter referred to as a person or a registered
entity who is responsible for the functioning of the onsite unit in a building and from receiving
scheduled desludging services.
11. Wastewater Treatment Plant, hereinafter referred to as WWTP, is a technical building and its
equipment used to treat wastewater until it meets the specified wastewater quality standards.
12. Septage Treatment Plant, hereinafter abbreviated as STP, is a technical building and its
equipment used to treat sludge until it meets the specified quality standards for wastewater and
treated sludge.
13. Scheduled Desludging Management Information System hereinafter referred to as MIS is software
that is prepared to assist in arranging desludging schedules and recording desludging performance
within a certain period of time as well as calculating desludging service compensation and
facilitating information exchange between the two parties using Android-based technology.
14. Desludging vehicles are trucks or other motorized vehicles that fulfill the requirements for
desludging and/or transportation of septage.
15. Scheduled Desludging Work Order is an assignment order issued by the FIRST PARTY to the
SECOND PARTY to provide scheduled desludging services to a group of customers within the
timeframe specified in the Order.
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16. Stage …………… is the stage where the FIRST PARTY organizes Scheduled Desludging Services
on a limited basis, especially only to groups of residential and/or residential customers within the
scope of limited service areas. In stages … , FIRST PARTY is expected to be able to gain direct
experiences from field operations which will later be used to improve management and
operation procedures for Scheduled Desludging Services.
17. Scheduled desludging trip plan, hereinafter referred to a series of trips from a stool sludge vehicle to
transport sludge in one or more buildings followed by transportation of sludge to the specified
WWTP/STP.
Article 2
Purpose and Objectives
1. THE FIRST PARTY collaborates with the SECOND PARTY to provide Sche duled Desludging
Services during the time span of the Stage …………… in several designated areas of the city
2. The SECOND PARTY provides input to the FIRST PARTY to improve the technical and
administrative procedures of Scheduled Deslu dging Services based on experience gained during
the implementation stage.
Article 3
Scope of Cooperation
1. Conducting desludging, transportation and disposing sludge operations are part of the
implementation of Scheduled Desludging Services;
2. An assessment of the condition and performance of is conducted at the onsite units;
3. Implementation of administrative aspects of Scheduled Desludging Services;
4. Completion of technical and administrative procedures for Scheduled Desludging Services.
Article 4
Period of time
1. This Agreement is valid since the Stage …………… of the operation of Scheduled Desludging
Services which is at least 6 (six) months from the signing of this Agreement;
2. This agreement can be extended and/or improved according to the needs and agreements of both
PARTIES which will then be set forth in the form of an Amendment to the Agreement signed by
the PARTIE S.
Article 5
Rights and obligations
1 FIRST PARTY has the rights to:
a. Enact Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of Scheduled Desludging Services which
must be carried out by the SECOND PARTY as set out in the Annex to this Cooperation
Agreement;
b. Determine desludging vehicles and operating officers that can be hired by the SECOND PARTY
in the operation of Scheduled Desludging Services by referring to the terms and technical
specifications listed in the Appendix to this Cooperation Agreement;
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c. Determine the SECOND PARTY wo rking area in organizing Scheduled Desludging Services as
stated in the Annex to this Cooperation Agreement;
d. Determine the location and schedule for the implementation of desludging operations which must
be carried out by the SECOND PARTY as stated in each order;
e. Determine WWTP and/or STP where the SECOND PARTY must carry out sludge as stated in
each order;
f. Request the SECOND PARTY to repair or replace the sludge vehicles which are deemed to no
longer meet the requirements and specifications as contained in the Appendix to this
Cooperation Agreement;
g. Order the SECOND PARTY to suspend or cancel desludging and/or transportation and/or
disposal of sewage sludge;
h. Determine the amount of compensation money for the SECOND PARTY services by referring to
the Directors Decree …………… and listed in the Appendix to this Cooperation Agreement;
i. Monitor and evaluate the performance of the SECOND PARTY in implementing Scheduled
Desludging Services;
j. Give sanctions to the SECOND PARTY in accordance with the provisions stipulated in this
Cooperation Agreement.
2 FIRST PARTY has the obligations to:
a. Issue certificates required by the SECOND PARTY in the licensing process for the operation of
sludge vehicles which will be used in the operation of Scheduled Desludging Services;
b. Provide technical and administrative training to operating personnel assigned to the SECOND
PARTY in the operation of Scheduled Desludging Services;
c. Issue identification of Scheduled Desludging Services for sludge vehicles and SECOND PARTY
operating personnel who have been assessed as fulfilling the requirements and specifications
listed in the Appendix to this Cooperation Agreement;
d. Issue an order to the SECOND PARTY during the period of the cooperation agreement and
according to the minimum number of reservations as stated in the Attachment to this
Cooperation Agreement;
e. Determine WWTP and STP to be used in the implementation of Scheduled Desludging Services
as stated in the Annex to this Cooperation Agreement;
f. Ensure that the WWTP and STP are in good operating condition and can be reached by the
SECOND PARTY desludging vehicles;
g. Receive and process sludge transported by the SECOND PARTY according to the procedure
stated in the Appendix to this Cooperation Agreement;
h. Prohibit desludging vehicles that do not yet have identification to carry out Scheduled Desludging
Services;
i. Pay compensation in accordance with the performance of the SECOND PARTY services rendered
in the amount as stated in the Appendix to this Cooperation Agreement.
1 SECOND PARTY has the rights to:
a. Obtain identification of Scheduled Desludging Services from the FIRST PARTY for desludging
vehicles and operating personnel who have been assessed as meeting the requirements and
specifications listed in the Appendix to this Cooperation Agreement;
b. Receive an order from FIRST PARTY for the duration of the cooperation agreement and in
accordance with the minimum number of reservations as stated in the Attachment to this
Cooperation Agreement;
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c. Determine the location and daily schedule for the implementation of compulsory suction
operations by referring to the order given by the FIRST PARTY;
d. Disposing sludge at a specified WWTP and/or STP determined by the FIRST PARTY as stated in
the Attach ment to this Cooperation Agreement Letter;
e. Obtain payment of Compensation Services from the FIRST PARTY in accordance with the
performance of the SECOND PARTY services with the amount as stated in the Appendix to
this Cooperation Agreement.
2 SECOND PARTY has the obligations to:
a. Have permits related to business continuity and feasibility of sludge vehicles issued by the
competent authority to support the operation of desludging and/or transportation and/or
disposal of sludge;
b. Run the Operational Directive on the Implementation of Scheduled Desludging Services issued
by the FIRST PARTY as stated in the Appendix to this Cooperation Agreement;
c. Use desludg ing vehicles and operating personnel who already have ID scheduled desludging
operator;
d. Provide Scheduled Desludging Services according to location and implementation schedule as
stated in the order issued by the FIRST PARTY;
e. Dispose sludge at a specified WWTP and / or STP determined by the FIRST PARTY as stated in
each order;
f. Carry out administration aspects of Scheduled Desludging Services determined by the FIRST
PARTY;
g. Have a communication device to support the use of MIS;
h. Fulfill the orders of the FIRST PARTY, specifically related to the repair or replacement of
desludging vehicles and related to the delay or cancellation of desludging and/or
transportation and/or disposal of sludge;
i. Assist the FIRST PARTY in assessing the condition and performance of onsite units;
j. Provide input and recommendations to the FIRST PARTY regarding various matters to improve
technical and administrative procedures for Scheduled Desludging Services;
k. Receive sanctions given by the FIRST PARTY in accordance with the provisions stipulated in this
Cooperation Agreement;
l. Return the ID of the Scheduled Desludging Service to the FIRST PARTY at the time this
cooperation agreement ends.
Article 6
Costs
1. Operational Performance Guarantee; THE FIRST PARTY does not charge the SECOND PARTY
Operational Performance Guarantee during the Stage …………… of Scheduled Desludging
Services.
2. Service Compensation; THE FIRST PARTY will pay Service Compensation in the amount of ……
to the SECOND PARTY for each Scheduled Desludging Service.
3. The amount of compensation for services will be evaluated annually and adjustments can be
considered due to the following conditions and the general economic situation.
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Article 7
Payment method
1. Service Compensation Money as referred to in Article 5 paragraph (2) is paid by the FIRST PARTY
to the SECOND PARTY 1 (one) month no later than the 10th (tenth) of the following month.
2. The amount of compensation as referred to in paragraph (1) will be paid in cash through the FIRST
PARTY General Cash.
3. The SECOND PARTY will submit a billing receipt with the accompanying supporting documents as
a condition for the FIRST PARTY to make payments.
4. Supporting documents as referred to in paragraph (3) include:
a. Order;
b. Report on Work Results that have been signed by relevant parties (customers, WWTP/STP
officers and Head of Liquid Waste Sector);
c. Print a Record of Execution of Works issued by the Scheduled Desludging Services
Information System.
Article 8
Security and Safety
1. The PARTIES are responsible for all the work completeness for their operating personnel to support
security and work safety in organizing Scheduled Desludging Services.
2. THE PARTIES agree to carry out the safety and work safety provisions issued by the FIRST
PARTY.
3. The SECOND PARTY provides insurance for its operating operators involved in the operation of
Scheduled Desludging Services.
Article 9
Prohibition
1. THE FIRST PARTY is prohibited from collecting any fees to the SECOND PARTY, whether
directly or indirectly related to the operation of Scheduled Desludging Services.
2. SECOND PARTY is prohibited from disposing of sludge other than in the designated WWTP
and/or STP.
3. The SECOND PARTY discharges other wastewater other than sludge at the designated WWTP
and/or STP.
Article 10
Transfer of Rights and Obligations
The PARTIES are not allowed for any reason to transfer some or all of their rights and obligations as
stated in this Cooperation Agreement to other parties, without the written approval of the PARTIES.
Article 11
Supervision and Control of Work Implementati on
1. THE FIRST PARTY assigns the Head of the Liquid Waste Sector, i.e. The Head of the Liquid Waste
Management Installation Section to supervise and control the implementation of this cooperation
agreement;
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2. THE FIRST PARTY uses MIS to assist in the regulation, control and supervision of the
implementation of Scheduled Desludging Services by the SECOND PARTY in an integrated
manner;
3. THE FIRST PARTY may at any time carry out unannounced inspections and carry out random
surveys of the implementation of the SECOND PARTY’s work, including checking the
characteristics of the sludge carried by the SECOND PARTY to the WWTP and/or STP.
Article 12
Legal Guarantee
1. THE FIRST PARTY hereby declares to carry out the cooperation referred to in this Agreement in a
professional manner and guarantees and frees the SECOND PARTY from any interference from
other parties in carrying out this work;
2. The SECOND PARTY hereby declares to carry out cooperation as referred to in this Agreement as
professionally as possible and guarantees and exempts the FIRST PARTY from all customer
complaints in connection with the work of the SECOND PARTY as referred to in this Agreement;
3. In the event of a customer complaint related to the work of the SECOND PARTY, the complaint will
be forwarded to the SECOND PARTY for immediate action.
Article 13
Termination of Agreement
1. This agreement can be ended if there is an agreement between THE PARTIES, even though the
period referred to in Article 4 paragraph (1) has not yet ended;
2. In the event that one of the PARTIES intends to terminate this Agreement before the end of the term
of this Agreement, the party who will terminate it must first notify in writing to the other party no
later than 15 (fifteen) Business Days prior to the date proposed for termination of this Agreement;
3. Each PARTY may terminate this Agreement unilaterally in the event that the obligations of the other
party are not carried out as stipulated in this Agreement, after 3 (three) consecutive summons (written
warning) have been carried out;
4. This agreement may be terminated or cancelled automatically, if there are provisions of the laws
and/or Government policies that do not allow this Agreement to take place;
5. In the event of termination/termination of this Agreement, the PARTIES agree to waive the
provisions of Article 1266 of the Civil Code;
6. The termination of this Agreement does not reduce and do not waive the rights and obligations of
each PARTY that arises before the termination of this Agreement;
7. In the event that the termination of this Agreement is carried out due to negligence of one of the
PARTIES, all claims and requests for compensation from third parties to the injured Party arising
from the termination of this Agreement shall be the responsibility of the Party who
committed negligence.
Article 14
Declaration of Guarantee of the Parties
1. THE PARTIES hereby declare to ensure that the parties who sign this Agreement are legal and
authorized in accordance with the provisions of the Articles of Association of the company they
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represent and because the PARTIES release each other over the demands of other parties regarding
the signing of this Agreement;
2. This agreement does not contradict the Articles of Association of each party and does not violate
Government regulations that must be obeyed by each PARTY in running the company;
3. If there is an article or paragraph from this Agreement which is declared null and void by law or
a legal defect by the Court, then it will not affect the validity or validity of the verses and/or
other articles in this Agreement, so that the provisions others in this Agreement remain valid and
binding;
4. The PARTIES hereby declare that the enforcement of the clauses governing technical cooperation in
services as regulated in this Agreement will apply in accordance with the type of service and the
stage of the collaboration carried out.
Article 15
Force Majeure
1. Force Majeure is any situation or event that occurs outside the authority of the PARTIES, including
but not limited to riots, epidemics, fires, floods, earthquakes, general strikes, war, government
decisions that are directly and materially prohibit the PARTIES from directly carrying out their
obligations in accordance with this Agreement;
2. In the event of one or several incidents and/or events as referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article,
the PARTY affected by Force Majeure is obliged to notify the other PARTY in writing no later than
14 (fourteen) Calendar Days as of the occurrence of the event;
3. The events referred to in paragraph (1) may be made as a prolongation of the implementation of
obligations by the PARTY who experiences Force Majeure and therefore frees the PARTY who
experiences such Force Majeure and sanctions for holding out in carrying out the obligations that
should be fulfilled;
4. All losses and costs suffered by the PARTIES as a result of the occurrence of Force Majeure are the
responsibility of each PARTY;
5. If the Force Majeure lasts more than 3 (three) months, then one of the PARTIES can terminate this
Agreement by notifying in writing that the PARTY that has experienced Force Majeure and this
Agreement will expire since receipt of the said notification by the party experiencing Force
Majeure and approved by Other PARTIES.
Article 16
Change
Any amendments and matters that have not been regulated or have not been sufficiently regulated in this
Agreement as a step to improve the implementation of this Agreement will be determined later by
deliberation by the PARTIES and will be set forth in the Amendment to the Agreement (Addendum)
which is an integral and inseparable part of this Agreement.
Article 17
Dispute resolution
1. The validity, interpretation, and implementation of this Agreement shall be fully regulated and
subject to legal regulations in force in the Republic of Indonesia.
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2. Disputes arising between PARTIES in the implementation of this Agreement will be resolved by
deliberation to reach consensus.
3. If the deli beration method to reach consensus is not reached, the PARTIES agree to resolve all
disputes arising through ……
Article 18
Attachment
1. This Agreement is accompanied by attachments which are an integral and inseparable part of this
Agreement and have binding legal force as is the case with this Agreement.
2. Attachments as referred to in paragraph (1) include:
a. The scope of Joint Operations, at least mentions (i) working area, (ii) time span, (iii) disposal
location and (iv) compensation for services;
b. Scheduled Desludging Service Operations;
c. Terms and Technical Specifications for Desludging Vehicles;
3. Changes to the contents of this Agreement that change, add or delete the contents of this Agreement
and or other matters that have not been regulated in this Agreement are made an Additional
Agreement (Addendum) which is a binding and inseparable part of this Agreement.
Article 19
Closing
This Agreement was made and signed by THE PARTIES on the day, month and year mentioned in 2
(two) original copies, each stamped with sufficient stamp duty and has the same legal force for the
PARTIES, 1 (one) duplicate for the FIRST PARTY and 1 (one) copy for the SECOND PARTY.
SECOND PARTY, FIRST PARTY,
COMPANY ……….. THE CITY OF … SCHEDULED
DESLUDGING OPERATOR ……………
Director President Director
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ANNEX E
SOP FOR SEPTIC TANK DESLUDGING
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP)
Desludging of Septic Tank
Government of Surakarta
PDAM Surakarta
SOP Number:
SOP Name:
Desludging of Sepc Tank
Date of Manufacture:
10 August 2015
Revision Date:
4 November 2015
Effecve date:
Endorsed by:
Directors of
Regional Drinking Water Company
Kota Surakarta
President Director
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FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE PROCEDURE FOR DESLUDGING OF SEPTIC TANK
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ANNEX F
MIS FOR DESLUDGING SERVICE BY IUWASH PLUS PROGRAM
MIS Desludging Service consists of several applications and are designed for special purposes. The
IUWASH PLUS program is the pioneer in developing the MIS in Indonesia. The MIS is designed to
support wastewater utility in conducting scheduled desludging and on-demand desludging services. The
MIS utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS) technology that records the geo-coordinate of
customer location, septage treatment plant and desludging trucks. The locations and movements of the
trucks are displayed on digital maps so the operation s manager can easily know where units are at any
given time. The operation of MIS Desludging Service requires Desktop Computer, Data Server,
Smartphone, and GPS tracker which is installed in desludging truck. The system also needs a barcode
printer which is used to make customer barcode and truck barcode, and certainly the internet connection
to allow communication between each device with the data server (see diagram below).
MIS Desludging Service is developed based on the specific needs of a city to run a more efficient,
effective and transparent desludging service. Efficient, because the process is done digitally and using
internet network which makes communication faster or even real-time. Effective, because it uses the GIS
technology to compile a list of customers of the schedule desludging scheme. Transparent, because it can
accurately monitor truck movement and septage disposal. The diagram below shows the process flow
within the IT-based MIS.
The process flow of desludging operation is as follows:
• Using MIS Desludging Service, the wastewater utility develops database of scheduled desludging
customers. Data may come from census, on-demand desludging records as well as from customer
application process. Each customer will be given a barcode (customer ID).
• The wastewater utility will require desludging partner to install GPS tracker in each of their trucks
along with the barcode. In addition, the crew member must carry a smartphone that has installed a
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special application which is connected to the MIS. This will help the utility to record the data of sludge
volume and truck movement.
• Another application installed on the Android smartphone is the septage treatment plant (STP) apps for
the operator who records the arrival of desludging trucks and the volume of sludge disposed in the
treatment plant.
• If the customer database has been developed, the MIS can help the utility to develop monthly
desludging work-order which provides the list of customer that will be serviced, schedule of the
desludging operation and recomme nded route for the truck from the desludging location to the
treatment plant location. The monthly desludging work-order and its attachments are sent
electronically by email to the crew member of desludging truck.
• Upon receiving the monthly work-order, the desludging truck crew will contact the customers in the
list to make appointment for the desludging activity. The monthly customer list and the desludging
schedule are then detailed into a daily desludging list based on customers’ willingness. The dail y
list is sent to the desludging truck crew as their guidance for operation.
• According to the schedule, the desludging truck will depart from the station to every customer on the
list. The crew must use the smartphone apps to record the odometer and sent to the data server.
• Upon reaching the customer’s home, the crew must scan the customer’s barcode using the smartphone
apps to confirm whether the house visited is actually the customer’s house listed in the daily order. If it
matches, the desludging operation will be conducted. If it does not match, the truck must move and
visit the other customer in the list.
• After the desludging is completed, the crew member must record the desludged septage volume by
using the truck apps and sent to the data server. This process is repeated to the next customer
according to the daily list before the truck moves to the septage treatment plant to dispose the septage.
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• By the time the truck reaches the septage treatment plant (STP), the barcode of the desludging truck
will be scanned by the treatment plant operator as a proof that the truck has reached the plant site. The
volume of disposed sludge is recorded in the STP apps and sent to the data server by the STP operator.
• After the disposal is complete, the truck will return to the station, then the crew will record the
odometer/trip meter to the truck smartphone apps and send it to the server.
• Daily desludging process will be repeated in the next day, until the completion of all the list of
customers who have confirmed willingness.
• The desludging truck crew reports the implementation of the monthly desludging, informing the
septage volume taken from each customer, the mileage of the desludging truck based on daily
odometer/trip meter records and list of customers who have not yet received service.
• Data of desludged septage volume and truck mileage sent by the truck apps and data of disposed
septage volume sent by STP apps will be processed by the Portal application and will be used to
confirm monthly desludging report of a desludging truck operator. The data becomes the basis of
the billing to the customer and payment to the truck operator, as well as the financial report.
• The customers who have not been serviced will be included in the monthly list schedule of the
following month.
The process of desludging and disposal in real time can be supervised by wastewater utility through Portal
desktop application that displays the location and movement of desludging trucks.
Applications and its functions on MIS Desludging Service
MIS Desludging Services consists of three applications which are connected to the server data though
internet. They are (1) the web-based Portal application installed on a desktop computer, (2) the Truck
apps which is installed in the smartphone of the desludging truck crew and (3) the STP apps which is
installed in the smartphone of the treatment plant operator. The functions of each application are as follows:
1. Web-based Portal Application
The web-based Portal application is used to manage the implementation process of customer
desludging services as well as disposal sludge process in STP. Features available in web-based
Portal application such as: development customer databases, desludging truck operator databases,
work order system and accounting systems. This application can also be used to monitor truck
movement by displaying it with maps on the application dashboard. Functions available in this
application are:
○
function of scheduled customer databases management,
○
customer database development stored in the server,
○
customer input data form based on phone registration,
○
customer input data form based on manual census form,
○
new customer data receiving from registration form of truck application,
○
receipt of data from the input form installed in desludging officer smartphone,
○
data import facility from spreadsheet table (xls, csv, dbf, etc.),
○
data import facility of other web-based applications (api service),
○
the creation of customer barcodes based on scheduled customer database,
○
desludging truck operator database,
○
desludging truck operator database development stored in the server,
○
desludging truck database development stored in the server,
○
the creation of desludging truck barcodes based on desludging truck databases,
○
function of STP database management,
Preparing Scheduled Desludging122
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○
STP database development,
○
monitoring the disposal process of each desludging truck,
○
acceptance confirmation of the presence of desludging truck in septage treatment plant through
barcode scanning,
○
acceptance data of disposal volume from every desludging truck at septage treatment plant
reported by the officer,
○
desludging schedule and customer list preparation,
○
preparation of monthly desludging schedule and customer list based on zoning, through; (1)
analysis of scheduled customer data, (2) list of desludging requests via telephone, (3) list of
remaining customers of previous month,
○
preparing of monthly desludging work order for every truck operator based on zoning,
○
delivery of work order desludging to the truck operator is equipped with the desludging schedule
and the customer list via email,
○
desludging process monitoring,
○
interactive map to viewing truck location and movement,
○
reception of desludging volume data from desludging truck officers,
○
reception of daily trucking mileage data from desludging officers,
○
reception of sludge disposal volume data from septage treatment plant officers,
○
reception report of desludging and sludge disposal implementation from desludging truck
operator,
○
administrative and financial,
○
analysis of desludging volume data, sludge data and truckload mileage data,
○
preparation of desludging and disposal process reports,
○
preparation of invoice bill to customer,
○
preparation voucher payment to truck operator,
○
financial statements.
2. Truck Application
The Truck application is installed on smartphones android is used to scan customer barcodes to
ensure customers are included in the list and desludging schedule. This application will also use to
record the volume of sludge has desludged and send the data to the server which is monitored by
Portal application. In addition, this application is also given the function of data input of potential
customers encountered by the desludging officer in the field, then sent to the server to become
customer data. The application also provides a form to record mileage of trip meter and send it to
the server. The functions available in this application are:
○
downloading desludging schedule and customer list,
○
customer confirmation for desludging schedule to prepare daily desludging and customer list,
○
daily truckload mileage recording,
○
form for odometer/trip meter data recording initial and final,
○
delivery record data to server,
○
customers barcode scanning,
○
desludging process reporting,
○
form desludging data recording,
○
submission of desludging data to server/portal,
○
submission of customer list of monthly unsuccessful desludging to server/portal,
○
daily recording workload mileage (odometer/trip meter),
Annex F: MIS for desludging service by IUWASH PLUS program 123
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○
record form for truck odometer/trip meter at start point,
○
record form for truck odometer/trip meter at finish point),
○
delivery of daily odometer/ trip meter data to server/portal,
○
function of scheduled customer subscription,
○
scheduled customer subscription form,
○
delivery of customer subscription form data to server/portal
○
customer member application/registration,
○
form registration for new customer of scheduled desludging,
○
submission of new customer data to server/portal.
3. STP Application
STP application is installed on the android smartphone of the treatment plant operator to scan
truck barcodes, aiming to ensure truck presence at STP locations for sludge disposal. This
application also has a function to record disposed septage volume and to send the record to the
server. Functions available in this application are:
○
desludging truck barcode scanning,
○
septage disposal reporting,
○
recording form for desludging volume,
○
submission of disposed septage data to server/portal.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging124
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ANNEX G
SAFETY ISSUES OF SCHEDULED DESLUDGING
Every service provider of scheduled desludging has a legal duty to ensure the health and safety of the crew
members and other workers in the field. They also have the duty to ensure that their desludging truck,
equipment, treatme nt plant and other workplace are compliant with the Occupational He alth and Safety
provisions. Ensuring occupational health and safety compliance should not be seen as a regulatory
burden. On the contrary, it offers significant opportunities, such as reducing costs, risk, employee
absence, turnover rates, work accidents, threat of legal action, enhancing reputation among service
providers and partners, better reputation for corporate responsibility in the eyes of investors, customers,
and the public, and also increasing productivity, because employee s are healthier, happier, and
more motivated.
CREATE A SAFETY CULTURE
In the provision and maintenance of scheduled desludging services, crew members and other workers are
exposed to serious occupational and environmental health hazards risking illness, injury and death. To
prevent them from those consequences, the scheduled desludging service provider should create a strong
safety culture and establish a comprehensive safety program.
A safety culture is a broad, organization-wide approach to safety management. It starts with the collection
of value and beliefs that employers and employees share in relation to risks in the workplace. An effective
way to create a safety culture is leading by example, by following all safety policies and encouraging
workers to do the same. If a service provider commits to safety, employees will follow suit.
Additionally, workers also need to be trained on a regular basis. Trained workers also embrace safety
culture more readily because they are aware of hazards and the effect that they can have from the
provision and maintenance of scheduled desludging service.
POTENTIAL RISKS
The following are harmful risks that potentially can occur in the provision and maintenance of septage
management:
• Septage contains hazardous substances such as bacteria, viruses, and worms that can cause serious
and life-threatening diseases if not handled properly.
• Improper use of desludging trucks and sludge treatment equipment can cause injury or death.
• Improper design and use of high-voltage electrical equipment can cause electric shock, electrocution,
burns, fires, and death.
• Septic tanks and other confined space that may contain hazardous atmosphere, including insufficient
oxygen, toxic gases, or particles.
• Wastewater stabilization ponds, aeration tanks or ponds, can pose a danger of drowning or falling.
• Other hazards that can cause injuries, such as from animal bites, stings, steps, dehydration, and
excessive exposure to sunburn.
Annex G: Safety issues of scheduled desludging 125
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PRACTICE SAFE WORK
Safe work practices help control hazards and manage risks associated with the provision and maintenance of
scheduled desludging services. All service providers should comply with general safe work practice
prevention principles
1
as follows:
1. Use anti -slip safety shoes with insulated sole.
2. Wear personal protecting equipment and clothing that can protect individuals from chemical
emergencies from hazards affecting respiratory system, skin, eyes, hands, feet, head, body,
and hearing.
3. DO NOT mix chemicals without the proper supervision of a qualified chemist or professional
safety staff.
4. Follow all safety instructions regarding storage, transportation, handling or chemical pouring.
5. Check electrical equipment before use, verify that all power cords are properly insulated, replace
damaged electrical equipment or ask an electrician for testing and repair.
6. Wear safety glasses in all cases where the eyes might be exposed to dust, flying particles, or
splashes of dangerous liquids.
7. Wear respirators, or gas masks, when exposed to aerosol, dust, vapor or gas hazardous materials.
8. Be careful when handling highly corrosive liquid substances or chlorine, concentrated acids or
alkalis, or when toxic gases can be emitted from reagents.
9. Comply with all safety instructions regarding entry to confined/isolated/ special/narrow spaces,
for example checking oxygen or toxic gas levels, using respiratory protective equipment if
needed, there must be colleagues to guard if needed for assistance.
10. Do not smoke, eat or drink in areas where there may be a lot of chemical or
biological contamination.
11. Use non-latex gloves if an allergy to latex material has been diagnosed.
12. All workers must undergo periodic examinations by the occupational physician to determine the
initial symptoms of a possible chronic or allergic effect.
13. Learn to safely use levers and techniques to move heavy or hazardous loads such as chemical
containers; use mechanical aids to help in lifting weights.
14. Maintain the completeness of the first-aid kit and provide training on how to use it.
15. Post telephone numbers for emergency response (police, fire department, ambulance) at important
locations around the installation.
MONITOR CRITICAL AREAS
There are critical areas that must be addressed for a comprehensive and effective safety approach in the
provision and maintenance of scheduled desludging services. They include plans and action that help the
safety engine run without glitches.
1. Have the ability to assess risks and danger. A danger is anything that can cause damage, such as
exposure to septage, turn over corrosive chemicals such as acids or bases, and others. Estimating a
hazard or risk, high or low, that a person can be harmed by a hazard, along with an indication of how
serious the hazard is.
1
ILO’s Encyclopedia of Occupational Safety and Health, 4th Edition, Stellman, J. Mager, Editor, Vol. 2, pp. 55.29-32, 35−39 (1998).
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_ protect /--- protrav /--- safework / documents / publication / wcms_192394.pdf
Preparing Scheduled Desludging126
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2. Use of personal protecting equipment. It promotes a sense of professionalism and a culture of
safety. Work ers should wear personal protecting equipment at any time they do their work. Not
only during inspection activities.
3. Promoting hygiene. Septage contains infectious materials. Hygiene must be practiced at all steps in
the collection, processing and disposal of septage. Avoid unnecessary contact with feces.
4. Electricity security. Septage treatment plants often have many electrical components, some using
high voltage and electric current. Electric shock can be deadly. Only trained and certified workers are
allowed to carry out repairs to electrical equipment.
5. Entering a narrow-confined space. A narrow-confined space includes a basement, tank, or
inspection hole. If the confined space cannot be made safe for the worker by taking precautions,
then workers should not enter the space until it is made safe to enter by additional means. All
confined spaces should be considered hazardous unless a competent person has determined
otherwise through a risk assessment. A confined space must also be controlled by a licensing
program and should always use warning signs that are familiar and easily seen.
6. Unintentional drowning. To process septage, most septage treatment plants use ponds or lagoons.
To prevent from unintentional drowning, safety equipment such as ring buoy, rope, hook, etc. should
be provided.
7. Vehicle safety. Septage collection and transportation activities require special attention to safety.
Dangers can occur due to vehicle maintenance, collection of sludge, driving a vehicle and
transportation and traffic in and around treatment plants.
8. Chemicals safety. Chemicals are often used in septage treatment plants. Sometimes it uses a lot of
chemicals, some of which pose a serious danger. Some of the most common chemicals used in
septage treatment plants include chlorine (in one or more of its forms), sulfur dioxide, lime,
polymer, methane and methanol, ferric chloride, alum, ammonia, acid (sulfuric, chloride, nitrate),
bases (ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide). They may also have a laboratory on site, with
various chemicals used for process or quality testing.
9. Public safety and security. Septage treatment plants are often visited by community members,
school classes, people from nearby cities, or foreigners from different countries. Visitors pose
special risks to occupational health and safety because they are often not familiar with the
dangers in the place of visit. Also, while observing desludging operations, including family group
members (particularly children) should not be too close to hoses, trucks and septic tanks that are
being emptied, to avoid direct contact with fresh sludge. Spills or leaks must be cleaned
immediately and given a disinfectant.
Annex G: Safety issues of scheduled desludging 127
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*Adaptation of this material was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Preparing
Scheduled
Desludging
An adaptation* of
It’s Time Now! Starting scheduled desludging service
PREPARING SCHEDULED
DESLUDGING
An adaptation* of It’s Time Now! Starting scheduled desludging service
*Adaptation of this material was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
PREPARING SCHEDULED DESLUDGING
0622747817899
ISBN 9781789062274
iwapublishing.com
@
IWAPublishing
ISBN: 9781789062274 (paperback)
ISBN: 9781789062281 (eBook)
This book presents a methodology for preparing scheduled
desludging schemes in cities. Opening with a description
of its denition and principles, this book outlines step by
step the preparation of a scheduled desludging scheme.
Coverage of the book includes a feasibility assessment of a
city to implement a scheduled desludging program, getting
everybody on the same principles, making the general
concept, setting targets, designing the operational scheme,
building capacity of the service provider, preparing the
eets, and preparing promotion activities for the desludging
program. Several fecal sludge desludging options and the
implication of each option are discussed in the book, including
their nancial implications. The book also presents methods to
calculate the operational cost and how the cost can be used
as the basis to determine the desludging tariff.
This book was written based on the experience of USAID -
IUWASH (Indonesia Urban Water and Sanitation and Health)
program in assisting several Indonesian cities in preparing
their mandatory desludging program. Some of Indonesia’s
specic narratives and terms used in the original book have
been adapted for the benet of readers from other countries.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging_PODW.indd 1 18/05/2021 17:03
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