approximately four million refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in the country,
nearly 3.7 million of whom were Syrians. The Directorate General for Migration
Management (DGMM) reported that the government apprehended 454,662
“irregular migrants” in 2019. The DGMM reported 201,437 of these
apprehensions were of Afghan nationals. The government did not provide official
data on the number of “irregular migrants” deported to their countries of origin.
Due to border closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the government
paused deportations until June 1, and deportations continued at a much lower rate
throughout the year. In the first six months of the year, an estimated 34 migrants
died due to drowning, traffic accidents, or exposure to the elements.
A 2016 agreement between the government and the EU continued to limit irregular
migration from Turkey to Europe. In February, however, the government
announced that the borders the country shares with the EU were “open,” prompting
more than 50,000 refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants to move to the border
areas. Some local officials provided free buses to aid refugees’ mass movement to
the border, according to humanitarian organizations and rights groups. Because
the borders remained closed on the Greek side, many individuals were stuck in
difficult conditions, particularly on the land border with Greece near Pazarkule.
Press reports asserted some Turkish border guards aided refugees in charging and
dismantling border fences. Unable to cross into Greece and unable to return to
their homes in Turkey, hundreds of refugees remained at the border for weeks in an
unofficial encampment. On March 1, Istanbul Bar Association representatives
visited Pazarkule and reported that a group of approximately 1,000 individuals,
including women, children, and elderly, were in the region and experienced poor
hygienic conditions, lack of medical services, and basic goods, including, food,
clothes, and blankets. The bar association delegation reported that many
individuals were injured by tear gas capsules.
After weeks of living in open-air temporary shelters, on March 26, Turkish
authorities disbanded the encampment due to concerns regarding the spread of
COVID-19. The government reported it transported migrants to dormitories in
nearby cities to safely quarantine. On March 4, a man was shot and killed while
trying to cross the border from Turkey to Greece amid violent clashes at the Evros
border. Some NGOs reported he was shot by Greek security forces, likely by