and Indo-Pakistan war (1965) were of the 1960s (“India-China war of 1962,” 2016). Another
Indo-Pakistan War was followed in 1971. A string of military films followed this, including
Haqeeqat (1964), Humsaya (1968), Prem Pujari (1970), Lalkar (1972), Hindustan ki Kasam
(1973), Vijeta (1982), and Akraman (1975). Late in the 20
th
century, films such as Prahaar: The
Final Attack (1991), Border (1997), LoC Kargil (2003), Tango Charlie (2005), Shaurya (2008),
1971 (2007), and Ghazi Attack (2017) were created. These films were also based on the India-
Pakistan wars. More films, such as Lagaan (2001), Chak De India (2007), Bhag Milkha Bhag
(2013), and Dangal (2016), used sports to raise patriotic feelings (“INDIAN WAR AND
PATRIOTIC MOVIES,” 2017).
Patriotism did not lose its appeal on film makers in the 21
st
century. This is proven by the
fact that, in the year 2002, three Hindi films were produced based on Bhagat Singh, a freedom
fighter from the pre-independence era. Later in that decade more than ten films were released on
similar topics (“Top ten patriotic Indian movies,” 2012).
Modi-Era
In May 2014, India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won a majority at a general election
after 30 years of coalition governments, leading to the appointment of Narendra Modi as the 14
th
Prime Minister of India (India Times, 2014). Ever since his victory, PM Modi has been accused
of using propaganda to win elections by his opponents and various print media publications. An
example is the publication of an Indian magazine called Open with the cover story about the
victory headlined “Triumph of the Will.” This is also the name of a 1935 propaganda film by
German auteur Leni Riefenstahl that was commissioned by the leader of the Nazi Party, Adolf
Hitler (South China Morning Post, 2019). In January of 2019 alone, three mainstream Hindi
films directly channeled Modi’s positions, policies, or rhetoric (Jamkhandikar, 2019). In the film,