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Sheets, Cassie, M.A., 2013 Sociology
The Sweet Grass Hills and Blackfeet Indians: Sacredness, Land, and Institutional
Discrimination*
The Sweet Grass Hills of north-central Montana are part of the four Tribes of the Blackfoot
Confederacy’s traditional territory and play a vital role in perpetuating Blackfeet culture. The
Blackfeet Tribe of Montana was forced to sell the Sweet Grass Hills to the federal government in
1888 after the decimation of bison populations. In 1992, the first large-scale corporate mining
proposal in the Sweet Grass Hills was proposed by Lehmann and Associates and Manhattan
Mineral, Ltd. In response to public outcries, environmental impact statements were issued by the
Bureau of Land Management, the agency that manages the area, and Secretary of Interior
Babbitt closed the Sweet Grass Hills to mineral entry through Public Land Order 7254 from
1997 to 2017. To assess how the Blackfeet Tribe and other stakeholders have attempted to
influence stewardship of the Sweet Grass Hills from 1985-present, I engage a discourse analysis
of public documents and informant interviews. Post-structuralism and standpoint theory
frameworks are used for analysis. I found that Blackfeet Indians succeeded in influencing
stewardship of the Sweet Grass Hills through sharing of cultural information, which has been
part of a ‘burden of proof’ to demonstrate their traditional ties to the Sweet Grass Hills to the
dominant society. However, Blackfeet Indians failed to influence stewardship of the area through
legal means because American Indian religious and cultural are subjugated, which I argue
exemplifies institutional discrimination against Blackfeet Indians. Blackfeet Indians’ group
identity politics were weakened because Canadian Blackfeet were excluded from consultation
processes. Non-Native American residents living near the Sweet Grass Hills emphasized
protecting their private property rights which decreased their support for Blackfeet influence
over the area. The establishment of a Blackfeet Tribal Historic Preservation Officer in 2004
increased the potential for Blackfeet Indians’ influence of stewardship in the area, but there is
ambivalent evidence that consultations with the Office have been effective in affording Blackfeet
power. With several years left before Order 7254 expires, assessment of discrimination against
and political opportunities for the Blackfoot Confederacy is necessary before their culture and
the Sweet Grass Hills landscape once again become vulnerable to mining in 2017.
*Note: The Bureau of Land Management’s “West Hi-Line Draft Resource Management Plan”,
which addresses future management options for the Sweet Grass Hills and was released to the
public on March 22, 2013, was not included in this thesis data and analysis.